Transcript An Earthquake

What is a «Disaster»?
• An event that happens suddenly or evolves
through a specific process,
• An event that brings physical, economical and
social losses for people,
• An event that stops normal life and stops or
cuts off human activity,
•That is caused by nature, technology or humans
is called a Disaster .
Types of Disasters and Their Impact
•NATURAL:
–Earthquakes, Tsunami
–Floods
–Landslides
–Volcanic Eruptions
–Storms
–Drought
–Avalanche
–Fire
•HUMAN INFLICTED:
–Technological
–Teror
–War
–Fire
If and When You See a Fire:
If the fire is small, put it out
immediately.
Pull the Fire Alarm – «Yangın Alarmı».
Call out “THERE IS FIRE - YANGIN
VAR!” and warn others. Call the Fire
Department - «İTFAİYE» at 110..
Close the door of the room in which the
fire started and close all the doors
between you and the fire.
GO OUT IMMEDIATELY!
An Earthquake (also known as
a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a
sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust,
due to breaking of the Crust, that creates seismic
waves that cause the areas they pass through to
jolt and shake.
The small earthquakes that happen after big
earthquakes and that continue for a while
are called “AFTER SHOCKS”.
Sometimes before big earthquakes small
tremors may happen. These small tremors
are called “FORESHOCKS.
•ACCORDING TO SOURCE/ROOT:
1- Tectonic Earthquakes: Earthquakes due to the
movement of tectonic plates. Most of the
earthquakes that take place in Turkey are
tectonic earthquakes.
2- Volcanic Earthquakes: Earthquakes that take
place during volcanic eruptions.
3- Collapsing Earthquakes: Earthquakes that take
place due to the collapsing of spaces/cavities
under the surface of the crust of the Earth.
4- Earthquakes caused by people.
•ACCORDING TO DEPTH:
1- Shallow Earthquakes: 0-70 km
2- Mid-Depth Earthquakes: 70-300 km
3- Deep Focused Earthquakes: 300-700 km
•ACCORDING TO DISTANCE:
1- Local Earthquakes: Less than 100 km
2- Close Earthquakes: : Between 100 km-1000 km
3- Regional Earthquakes:Between 1000 km-5000km
4- Distant/Far Earthquakes: : More than 5000 km
•ACCORDING TO MAGNITUDE:
1- Small Earthquakes: 0.1 < M < 4.0
2- Mid-size Earthquakes : 4.0 < M < 6.5
3- Big Earthquakes : 6.5 > M > 8.0
4- Very Big Earthquakes : 8.0 > M
(M: MAGNITUTE (TR: MANYİTÜD) = The measurement unit of the
amount of energy released during and earthquake.)
«Tsunami»s are waves that are formed after
earthquakes that happen in deep seas which
have a focal point in the ocean floor, that reach
the sea shores and cause great damage.
Earthquake Waves and
Seismograph
The energy that is released during an earthquakes
spreads with waves called «seismic waves» which
are similar to sound or water waves. These are:
"longitudinal waves", "transverse waves" and
"surface waves".
Longitudinal waves are called "P Waves " (primary). P
waves cause particles to move in the same direction
as the propagation of the waves.
Transverse waves called "S Wave"(secondary), cause
particles to move in a perpendicular manner to its
propagation direction. S waves that cannot
propagate in liquids slow down the speed of P
waves. S waves cause the damage in buildings.
Longitudinal and Transverse Waves are also called
"Mass/Material Waves". From the reflections of S
waves (Transverse Waves) to Earth’s surface,
surface waves, (Love and Rayleigh waves), are
formed.
Earthquakes are recorded by an equipment called a
"seismograph".
P Waves (Longitudinal Wave)
S Waves (Transverse Wave)
Love ve Rayleigh dalgaları
Seismograph
Fethiye is an important settlement in Muğla and it is transition area
between the Aegean and Mediterranean Regions.
Fethiye is in the first degree seismic zone of Turkey.
In the past important/big earthquakes took place in Fethiye.
MAP OF EARTHQUAKE ZONES OF TURKEY
A View from The Fethiye Earthquake in 1957
VIEWS FROM
EARTHQUAKES
IN TURKEY
Building Evaluation/Analysis
Defining the Building Type
Concrete
Stack structure
Wooden
Cob
Steel
Traditional & Local
Other
The Survival Percentages
in Relation to The Time of Rescue
from a Wreckage
First 30 Minutes
1st Day
2nd Day
3rd Day
4th Day
5th Day
After the 5th Day
93%
81%
36%
33%
19%
7%
2%
...
During a disaster if an injured person/survivor of the
disaster can be saved with in the first 24 hours, the
survival chance is around 80%.
THE EARTHQUAKE RELATED
WORK THE MUNICIPALITY OF
FETHIYE HAS DONE
BETWEEN
01-01-2000 AND 01-01-2011
• To inform the public about earthquakes academicians and expert professors
and professionals from different universities have been invited to give
conferences, seminars and to take part in symposiums. We will continue to
organize similar activities:
•Some of the professors and professionals that we have invited:
–Prof. Dr. Ahmet ERCAN,
–Geomorphologist Muammer ATİKER
–Prof. Dr. Fuzuli YAĞMURLU
–Prof. Dr. Ergün TÜRKER
–Prof. Dr. Semih TEZCANLI
–Prof. Dr. Haluk EYİDOĞAN
–Prof. Dr. Gülay BARBOROSOĞLU
–Prof. Dr. A.Mete IŞIKARA
–Prof. Dr. Yıldız ALTINOK
–Assistant Prof. Dr. A.Cevdet YALÇINER
–Assistant Prof. Dr. Veli KARA
–Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa AYDIN
–Assistant Prof. Dr. Oğuz GÜNDOĞDU
–Dr. Doğan KALAFAT
WHAT CAN BE DONE
BEFORE, DURING AND
AFTER AN
EARTHQUAKE?
PRESENTATION OF THE
EARTHQUAKE BAG
Structural Precautions:
DO:
1. The buildings should be designed by engineers and
architects (professionals).
2. Buildings should be constructed according to the Building
Codes applicable to Disaster Regions. (In Turkish: «BİNA YAPI
İNŞAATI İLE İLGİLİ YÖNETMELİKLE- AFET BÖLGELERİNDE
YAPILACAK YAPILAR HAKKINDA YÖNETMELİK»)
3. Good quality building materials should be used in the right
amounts.
4. The building contractor and their workers should be
controlled and inspected.
DON’T DO:
1. Do not change the design of your building (on your own).
2. Do not build additional floors without legal permits.
3. Do not changed the materials used in the construction.
4. Do not use the building for purposes other that what is was
designed for.
Osmaniye, June 2001 (5.5 MS)
Osmaniye, June 2001 (5.5 MS)
Osmaniye, June 25, 2001 (5.5 MS)
Earthquake Drills
CROUCH or LIE DOWN,
CLOSE YOURSELF and
HOLD ON
• In a safe place kneel, CROUCH or
LIE DOWN (Fetus Position)
• CLOSE YOURSELF in a manner that
will protect your head and the back of
the neck,
• HOLD ON to a stable place not to fall,
• Stay in your location until tremors
stop,
• Take deep breaths to call yourself.
• Try again, again and again…
Previsions/Recommendations:
Life Safety First!
 Remember that it is risky to go
inside damaged buildings to get
Personal goods, furniture etc out!
 Remember that after the Main
Earthquake , Aftershocks will
Continue for a while.
 Do not occupy damaged houses
and buildings.
«EARTHQUAKE BAG» AND ITS CONTENTS
WISHING YOU DAYS WITHOUT
EARTHQUAKES
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE
BEST REGARDS
SADİ ÇİDEM
GEOPHISICS ENGINEER
FETHİYE MUNICIPALITY
HEAD OF THE DISASTER
MANAGEMENT CENTER