Transcript Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth

Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth
31. The Geosphere
3.2 The Atmosphere
3.3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere
p.58-83
Key Terms
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Geosphere
Crust
Mantle
Core
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Tectonic plate
Erosion
Atmosphere
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Ozone
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Radiation
Conduction
Convention
Greenhouse effect
Water cycle
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Salinity
Fresh water
Biosphere
Closed system
Open system
3.1 The Geosphere
• Describe the composition and structure of the
Earth
• Describe the Earth’s tectonic plates
• Explain the main cause of earthquakes and
their effects
• Identify the relationship between volcanic
eruptions and climate change
• Describe how wind and water alter the Earth’s
surface
The Earth as a System
What are the conditions that allow us to survive
on a constantly changing planet?
The earth is divide into 4 parts
1. Geosphere (rock)
2. Atmosphere (air)
3. Hydrosphere (water)
4. Biosphere (living things)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uG3ql0vLioU
Geosphere
• The solid part of the Earth that consists of all
rock, soils and sediments on Earth’s Surface
• Most is located in interior
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http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers1.html
Discovering Earth’s
Interior
• Very difficult to study – we have only looked at 12km deep
• Seismic waves to study Earth’s Interior (waves travel differently in
physical layers)
Composition of Earthhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iUfi8XqEos&feature=related
1. Crust- think outer layer, light elements, less than 1% of planet’s
mass
2. Mantle 64% mass of Earth, 2,900km thick, rock medium density,
iron rich layer
3. Core densest element radius of 3,400km, hot nickel and iron
center of Earth
Bill Nyehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MucQmSIKElU&feature=ends
creen&NR=1 (23mins)
Composition of Earth-3 layers
1. Crust- think outer layer, light elements, less
than 1% of planet’s mass, 5-8km thick
beneath the oceans and 20-70km beneath
the continents
2. Mantle- layer under crust, makes up 64% of
mass, 2,900km thick, made of rock, medium
dense
3. Core- innermost layer, densest elements,
radius of 3,400 km
The Structure of the Earth
5 layers- http://video.about.com/geography/The-Four-Earth-Spheres.htm
1. Lithosphere
2. Asthenosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Outer Core
5. Inner Core
Lithosphere- stone
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15-300 km thick
Cool rigid
Outermost layer of Earth
Crust and uppermost part of mantle
Divided into huge pieces called plate tectonic
Both continental and oceanic crust
Asthenosphere
• 250 km thick
• Solid plastic layer of mantle between the
mesosphere and the lithospehre
• Made of mantle rock that flows very slowly,
allows for plates to move on top of it
Mesosphere
• 2,550 km thick
• Middle sphere
• Lower layer of the mantle between the
asthenosphere and the outer core
Outer core
• 2,200 km thick
• Outer shell of Earth’s core
• Made of liquid nickel and iron
Inner Core
• 1,228 km radius
• Spere of solid nickel and iron at the center of
the Earth
Thicknesses and density
Plate Tectonics
• Glide across the underlying asthenosphere like ice on a pond
• Continents are located on them and move with them
• Pacific, North American, South American, African, Eurasian, and
Antarctic plates
• Plate boundaries- this movement may cause mountains,
earthquakes, volcanoes erupt
• Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building- Himalaya Mountains (Asia
and India plates collided 50mya)
• http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.htm
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-HwPR_4mP4 (7mins)
• NGO- 50mins
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCSJNBMOjJs&feature=related
Bill- 23mins
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hKssFQdZ0k&feature=related
Earthquakes
• Fault- break in Earth’s crust preventing it from
sliding
• When it breaks and creates vibrations in crusts 
creates earthquakes
• Occur all the time most are too small to feel
• Richter scale- quantify the amount of energy
reassessed by an earthquake or its magnitude
• Smallest magnitude that can be felt is 2.0
• Largest recorded 9.5
• Earthquakes of 7 or greater
cause widespread damage
Where do they occur?
• Take place at the boundaries due to the stress
level
• San Andreas Fault along California (N. American
plate and Pacific plate are slipping)
• We cannot predict when they will occur but
rather the likely hood of where they can occur
• High risk areas we build bridges and buildings
slightly flexible so they can sway when the
ground moves
• http://earthquakestoday.info/
Japan's Tsunami - How it
Happened 2011
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24A8UwpYSs8&feature=related
Volcanoes
• Mountains/ islands built from magma, melted
rock, that comes from the Earth’s core
• Can occur on land or under the sea
• Most active areas is around the pacific Ocean
plate boundaries
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBPwwt0HuVo
Local Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
• Loss of human life
• Clouds of hot ash, dust, gases travel down at
speed of 200km/hr killing everything in its
path
• Can mix with water can create a mudslide
• Destroy buildings, bury crops, damage engines
of vehicles
• Breathing difficulties
Global Effects of Volcanic
Eruptions
Global impact:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TghGWlVN31c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8mAtY-7n-o
• Mt St Helen- change Earth’s climate for several
years
• Ash and gases travel into the atmosphere
reducing sunlight decreasing global temperatures
for several years
• Top 10- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aYQixhdWY4&feature=fvwrel
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Billl Nye
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOc04z8jHaM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MucQmSIKElU&feature=related (23mins)
Erosion
• The removal and transport of surface material
• Water Erosion- rivers create deep gorges or
oceans waves erode coastlines
• Wind Erosion- area where plants are limited
(beaches and deserts) sandstone vs granite
can erode more quickly
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5Rp9MJJGCU
Bill- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjVSiuj7Lxk&feature=related
3.2 Atmosphere
• Describe the composition of the Earth’s
Atmosphere
• Describe the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere
• Explain 3 mechanisms of heat transfer in
Earth’s atmosphere
• Explain the greenhouse effect
Atmosphere
• Mixture of gases found in first 30km above the
Earth’s surface
Composition of the Atmosphere
• Nitrogen 78%
• Oxygen – 21%
• Other -1 % (argon, carbon dioxide, methane,
water vapor)
• Tiny solid particles or dust (soil, salt, ash, skin,
hair clothing, pollen, bacteria, viruses, aerosols)
• Air pressure- due to the gravity, more dense
closer to earth, difficult to breath at higher
elevations
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmQ8FWnM0fA
Layers of the Atmosphere
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Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Tropospherea.
b.
c.
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layer closes to the Earth’s surface to 18km above
weather occurs in this layer
densest layer
temperature decreases as altitude increases
Stratosphere• Above the troposphere
• Extends from 18km to altitude of 50km
• Temperatures rise as altitude increases in the
stratosphere, because the ozone absorbs the
suns UV energy and warms the air
• Ozone- O3- molecule that is made up of 3
oxygen atoms
• Reduced the amount of UV that reaches the
Earth
Mesosphere
• Layer above the stratosphere
• Extended to an altitude of 80km
• Coldest layer as low as -93’C
Thermosphere
• Farthest from the Earth
• Nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiationtemperatures have been measured above 2,000’C
• Would not feel hot to us because this layer is so
thin that air particles rarely collide – little heat is
transferred
• Lower level is called ionosphere – it absorbs X
and gamma rays, causing the atoms to be
electrically charged (ions)
• Ions can radiate energy as light- Aurora Borealis
or Northern Lights (North and South poles)
Energy in the Atmosphere
• Energy is neither created or destroyed 
transferred and transformed
1. Radiation- transfer of energy across a space
(fire, sunlight)
2. Conduction- flow of heat from one object to
another
3. Convection- air currents (hot air rises)
Heating of the Atmosphere
• Solar energy reaches the Earth as electromagnetic
radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, UV light
• Only ½ actually reaches the Earth
• Most is absorbed or reflected by clouds, gases and dust
• Ocean/ lakes and land radiate the energy back into the
atmosphere
• 50% absorbed by Earth’s Surface
• 25% scattered and reflected by clouds and air
• 20% absorbed by ozone, clouds and gases
• 5% reflected by Earth surface
The Movement of Energy in the
Atmosphere
• Convection Currents- movement of the air in
a circular pattern that are caused by the
unequal heating of the Atmosphere
• Cold air sinks and hot air rises
The Greenhouse Effect
• Gases trap heat near the Earth
• Like heat being trapped into a car on a hot
day, the glass window would be the
atmosphere
• This allows for the Earth to be warm, if it did
not occur Earth would be too cold for life
3 mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMk
Discovery Channel - Global Warming, What You Need To Know, with Tom Brokaw
80mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcVwLrAavyA&feature=related
3.1The Hydrosphere and
Biosphere
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Name 3 major processes in the water cycle
Describe the properties of ocean water
Describe the 2 types of ocean currents
Explain how the ocean regulates Earth’s
Temperature
• Discuss the factors that confine life to the
biosphere
• Explain the difference between open and closed
systems
Hydrosphere
• Makes up all of the water on the Earth’s
surface
• Most is found in the oceans (3/4 globe)
• Atmosphere, land and in soil
Hydrosphere and Water Cycle
• Water cycle- Continuous movement into ht
air, land back to water
– Evaporation- liquid water is heated by sun and
goes into the atmosphere
– Condensation- water vapor cools and forms water
droplets
– Precipitation- larger droplets fall from clouds
(snow, sleet, or hail)
Bill Nye- (3mins)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hehXEYkDq_Y
Rap- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU&feature=fvwrel
Magic School Bus- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfLTBJKnEQA
Earth’s Oceans
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World Oceans- Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian
70% of earth surface
Regulates Planet’s environment
High salt concentrations (salinity)( lower
where freshwater or rain runs into it, high in
areas where evaporation is high)
• Temperature zones- surface warmed by sun,
deep clod no sunlight (surface zone,
thermocline- warm and cold weather)
Global Temperature Regulator
• Absorb and store energy from sunlight
regulates temperatures in Earth’s Atmosphere
• Ocean absorbs and release more slowly than
land does
• If it did not regulate temps conditions would
be too extreme for life today
• Can warm land masses near by
Ocean Currents
• Surface currents- stream like movements of
water that occur at or near the surface, wind
driven and a result from global wind patterns
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCorkyBe66o
• Deep currents- streamlike movements of
water that flow very slowly along the ocean
floor (Antarctic Bottom Water)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVZujRMGZzs
Bill Nye- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_wLatK7sXg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_8mw-1HYFg
Fresh water
• 3% of Earth’s water
• Most is locked in icecaps and glaciers
• Lakes, rivers, streams, ground water, wetlands,
and atmosphere
• River systems- network of streams that drains
an area of land including its tributaries (small
that flow into large ones)
• Mississippi River system 40%
Ground water
• Rain and melting snow run off the land
collected into the ground
• 1% of all of Earth’s Water
• Aquifers- rock layer that stores and allows the
flow of ground water
• Recharge zone- where water enters an aquifer
Biosphere
• Part of Earth were life exists
• Think layer at Earth’s surface down to the
bottom of the ocean
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmifaYcLPik&feature=related
Biosphere
• If the Earth was an apple- it would be the skin
• Uppermost part of the geosphere, most of
hydrosphere, lower part of atmosphere
• 11km into the ocean and 9km into the
atmosphere
Life requires:
• liquid water
• Temps between 10-40’c
• Source of energy
Energy Flow in the Biosphere
• Sun light main source of energy
• 4 biogeochemical cycle ( recycling of once
living organisms to be put back into the Earth’s
resources)
– Closed system- Earth mostly closed with respect
to matter, Eden Project
– Open system- sun/ energy, energy comes in from
the sun and lost as heat
Webquest:
• http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamice
arth/structure.html
BBC- Power of the Planet
Atmosphere
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5ViCNJAkHg
&feature=endscreen&NR=1
Earth
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_pzxz71jDM
&feature=fvwrel
ice
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0Maf03wG
vE&feature=relmfu