Transcript 1. What is a mineral?

OBJECTIVE: Review study guide.
• INTRO & OUTRO: None
• DO NOW:
– Take out Study Guide (finish quickly if need be)
• AGENDA: What you will need on EXAM Day
– Pencil
– Science Notebook
– Note card
– Anything to keep yourself quiet after the Exam
1. What is a mineral?
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Minerals are in rocks
Rocks are NOT in minerals
Solid
Crystalline structure
Naturally made
Inorganic
2. What is the difference between
silicates and nonsilicates?
• Silicates – minerals contain Silicon (Si) and
Oxygen (O)
• Nonsilicates – minerals that do not contain
Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)
3. What are the seven ways to identify
minerals? Describe each.
• Hardness
– how tough a mineral is
– Moh’s Hardness Scale 1(weak) – 10(strong)
• Color – what the visible light looks like
• Fracture – along which planes a mineral breaks
• Density – how much material the mineral contains (Mass ÷
Volume = Density)
• Luster – how shiny the mineral is
• Streak – the powder of the mineral when scratched across
a porcelain plate
• Texture – how rough or smooth the mineral feels
• Crystalline Structure – the geometric shape of the mineral
4. Of the eight ways to identify
minerals, which is the least helpful?
Explain.
• Color
– The same mineral can have many colors
– Many minerals can have the same color
5. What is the difference between an
element and a compound?
• Element – made of one particular atom
• Compound – made of many different atoms
bonded together
6. What are the three types of rocks?
Explain how each is made.
• Igneous – cooled magma
• Sedimentary – rocks are weathered and
eroded and then compacted and cemented
together
• Metamorphic – heat & pressure
7. What are the two types of igneous
rocks? Explain the differences.
• Intrusive – cools inside, course-grained (large
crystals) because magma cools slowly
• Extrusive – cools outside, fine-grained (small
crystals) because magma cools quickly
8. What are strata (stratification) of a
sedimentary rock?
• Strata – layering
9. What are the three types of
sedimentary rock? Explain the
differences.
• Clastic – made up of rock, mineral and organic
fragments
• Chemical – made from minerals crystallizing in
a water solution
• Organic – made of fossils and other once living
material
10. What does the word metamorphic
mean?
• Change shape
11. Which is the only type of rock than
can have fossils in it? Why not the
others?
• Sedimentary
• The heat and pressure will destroy fossils
12. What are the two types of
metamorphism? Explain the
differences.
• Contact metamorphism – rock changes when
it’s near magma
• Regional metamorphism – large area of rocks
that change due the pressure of depth
13. What are the two types of
metamorphic rock? Explain the
differences.
• Foliated – have bands due to intense pressure
• Nonfoliated – do not have bands, mostly due
to heat
14. What is the difference between
renewable and nonrenewable
resources?
• Renewable resource – resources are
replenished as quickly as they are taken
• Nonrenewable resource – resources that are
limited and do not replenish as quickly
15. Give four examples of renewable
and nonrenewable resources.
• Renewable resources
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Wind
Water
Solar
Geothermal
• Nonrenewable resources
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Fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)
Animals
Plants
Minerals
How can we help conserve our
nonrenewable resources?
• Reduce, reuse, recycle
What type of renewable resource
would be the most abundant in the
desert?
• Solar energy
18. What are the three compositional
layers of the Earth? Describe each.
• Crust – solid, thinnest layer, made of rocks
• Mantle – liquidy-solid, thickest layer /
convection currents occur here / made of
magma
• Core – solid and liquid / made of iron
19. What are the five compositional
layers of the Earth? Put them in order
outer to inner and describe each.
• Lithosphere – solid rock layer / broken into
tectonic plates / part of the crust
• Asthenosphere – liquidy-solid magma
• Mesosphere – middle layer / magma is more
solid but still flows
• Outer core – liquid iron
• Inner core – solid iron
20. What happens to temperature and
pressure as you travel to the center of
the Earth?
• Both increase
21. What are the two types of crust?
Explain differences.
• Oceanic – thin but dense
• Continental – thick but less dense
22. What are tectonic plates?
• Broken pieces of the lithosphere that move on top of
the asthenosphere
23. What are the nine major tectonic
plates?
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North American
South American
African
Eurasian
Indian-Australian
Philippians
Pacific
Nazca
Antarctica
What are the three types of
boundaries? Describe and give a
location of each. Also, what landforms
do each create?
• Divergent – plates separate, Mid-Atlantic
Ridge; mid-ocean ridge
• Convergent – plates collide, Mt. Everest;
mountains and volcanoes
• Transform – plates slide past one another, San
Andreas Fault; earthquakes
25. What is a subduction zone? Where
does it occur?
• Convergent boundary
• The denser plate sinks down into the mantle
26. What is sea-floor spreading?
• When magma reaches the surface and pushes
to plates apart
• Divergent boundary
27. What are the three types of folds?
Describe or draw a picture of each.
• Anticline – downward arch
• Syncline – upward arch
• Monocline – ends are parallel with a bend in
the middle
28. What are the three types of faults?
Describe or draw a picture of each.
• Normal – hanging wall slides DOWN when
pulled apart
• Reverse – hanging wall pushed UP when
pushed together
• Strike-slip – slide past, like a transform
boundary
29. What are the three types of
mountains? Explain differences.
• Folded mountain – section of Earth pushed
together creating rolling hills
• Fault-block mountain – section of Earth pulled
apart creating fault blocks and creating sharp,
jagged peaks
• Volcanic mountain – created by magma rising
to the surface
30. What is the different between
continental drift theory and plate
tectonics theory?
• Continental drift theory – continents were
being pushed across the ocean crust by seafloor spreading
• Plate tectonics theory – lithosphere is broken
into plates and those plates move by
convection currents in the mantle
31. List three pieces of evidences that
proved continental drift theory.
• Similar fossils on different continents
• Continents fit like puzzle pieces
• Mountain ranges match on different
continents
32. What is Pangaea?
• A single giant landmass that broke apart about
250MYA.
33. What are the three types of plate
movement? Describe each.
• Slab pull – oceanic plate sinks and pulls the
rest of the tectonic plate with it.
• Ridge push – plates push each other
• Convection current - Cool magma sinks, warm
magma rises, circulating and moving the
plates / occur in the mantle
34. Where do earthquakes occur?
• Plate boundaries
35. What are the three types of
seismic waves? List the waves, their
name, what type of materials they can
travel through, general speed and
what kind of seismic wave (body or
surface).
• P wave – Primary, travel through solids and liquids,
fastest, body wave
• S wave – Secondary, travel only through solids, slower,
body wave
• L wave – Last, slowest, travel only on surface, most
destructive
36. What can seismic waves tell us
about earthquakes and the Earth?
• Start time of an earthquake
• Location of an earthquake
• Layers of the Earth
37. What is the safest thing you should
do in an earthquake?
• Hide underneath a table or piece of strong furniture
38. What is the S-P Time Method used
for? Explain.
• Determines the location of an earthquake.
• Uses at LEAST three seismograph stations
39. Where do volcanoes form?
• Plate boundaries
40. Explain how violent and quiet
eruptions occur in terms of gasses
trapped, silica, viscosity and the type
of magma/lava produced.
• Violent eruptions – high silica makes the
magma/lava very viscous and thick trapping
the gasses
• Quiet eruptions – low silica makes the
magma/lava less viscous and runny which
doesn’t trap the gasses
41. Describe the three types of
volcanoes in terms of shape, how it
formed, type of eruption and lava.
• Shield volcano – large, wide flat / built layers
of lava / quiet eruption / runny lava
• Composite volcano – broad base, steep slow /
alternating layers of lava and ash / alternating
quiet and explosive eruptions / thick and
runny lava
• Cinder cone volcano – small / built from layers
of ash / explosive eruptions / thick lava
42. Describe the crater, vent, and
magma chamber of a volcano.
• Crater – funnel-shaped pit at the top of a
volcano
• Vent – a tunnel that carries magma to the
surface
• Magma chamber – cavern that fills with
magma beneath a volcano
43. What is abrasion? What causes it?
• Abrasion is the chipping and breaking down of rock
by water, wind, and gravity
44. What is mechanical weathering?
Give six ways this occurs.
• Mechanical weathering – breaking down rocks
by physical means
– Wind
– Water
– Gravity
– Ice - water expands when it freezes
– Plants – roots break through rocks
– Animals
45. What is chemical weathering? Give
four ways this occurs.
• Chemical weathering – breaking down rocks
by chemical reaction
– Acids in water – dissolves rock underground to
create caves
– Acids in living things
– Acid precipitation
– Rusting
46. What is soil?
• A mixture of rock fragments, organic material, water,
and air that allows vegetation to grow
47. What are the four soil horizons?
Describe each.
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Horizon O – organic matter
Horizon A – plants and animals live here
Horizon B – made of sediment
Horizon C – made of partially weathered rock
48. What is bedrock?
• Layer of rock beneath soil