Transcript What have we learned?

The Earth’s Energy Sources
Activity
Energy Sources
Motion of water in
oceans, lakes,
rivers
Solar energy, tidal
forces
Motion of
atmosphere
Solar energy
Reshaping of
surface
Earth’s internal heat
Life
Solar energy (a few
species that live on
the ocean floor
make use of Earth’s
internal heat)
Earth’s Sources of Energy
• Sun – Radiant Energy
• Interior Heat due to
–Energy from planetesimals colliding to
form Earth
–Radioactive decay of elements –
Uranium, thorium, etc
• Gravitational work due to tidal forces of
Sun and moon
Energy Transport
• Conduction- e• Convection - atoms/molecules
• Radiation -  (photons)
http://www.shenandoah.k12.va.us/cms/One.aspx?portal
Id=3201627&pageId=9494791
Convection Currents
• Air – Thunderstorms, Tornados
• Water – Hurricanes, El Nino, La Nina,
Atlantic conveyor
• Land – Cities are local hotspots due to
massive amounts of concrete
• All Convection currents are due to density
changes as a result of the media being
heated and normally expanded
Earthquakes
• Relieve stress in the crust
• Epicenter is the point on the Earth’s surface
directly above the point where stress is relieved.
This stress point may be deep in the Earth’s crust
• Three seismic waves created by an Earthquake
–Surface waves, the rolling motion felt by people
on the surface
–P wave a longitudinal wave travels through
interior of Earth
–S wave a transverse wave travels through
interior of Earth
http://www.docbrown.info/page21/GeoChangesANS07.htm
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/inside.html
http://images.slideplayer.com/24/7430612/slides/slide_11.jpg
http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s7.htm
http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/?post_type=s
cience-seminars&p=15037
Mercury’s Iron Core
• To produce the Magnetic field measured (~ 1% Earth’s strength) need liquid
part of core to create currents
• Energy to move currents?
– Cooling of inner core to change into solid state
http://www.ascensionearth2012.org/2015/05/mercu
rys-mysterious-magnetic-past-goes.html
http://www.universetoday.com/27005/earthsmagnetic-field/
https://www.mpg.de/8373381/two-dynamos_Jupiter
https://maas.museum/observations/2012/12/
19/harry-says-that-the-magnetic-fields-onthe-sun-are-reversing-their-polarity/
The Earth’s magnetic field produces a
magnetosphere that traps particles from
the solar wind
• Electric currents in the liquid outer core generate a magnetic field
• This magnetic field produces a magnetosphere that surrounds the Earth and
blocks the solar wind from hitting the atmosphere
• Most of the particles of the solar wind are deflected around the Earth by the
magnetosphere.
Magnetic Field Reversals
• Earth’s Magnetic Field changes its polarity on an irregular pattern that varies
from 10’s of thousands of years to 100’s of thousands of years
• Sun’s Magnetic Field reverses Polarity every 11 years!
• What is space weather ?
• "conditions on the Sun and in the solar
wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere and
thermosphere that can influence the
performance and reliability of space-borne
and ground-based technological systems
and can endanger human life or health."
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/s
paceweather/
Why Care about Space Weather?
• Earth-Space Activities
... disrupted by solar and geomagnetic events
• Satellite operations
• Navigation
• Space Shuttle and Space Station activities
• High-altitude polar flights
• Electric power distribution
• Long-line telephone communication
• HF radio communication
• Pipeline operations
• Geophysical exploration
http://www.sec.noaa.gov/info/SolarEffects.html
http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/cmeposter/images/blackout1big.gif
http://www.spaceweather.gc.ca/effects_e.shtml
Halloween 2003 (Oct-Nov)
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The largest X-ray solar flare ever recorded
The fastest-moving solar storm ever. It splashed
over us at nearly 6 million mph.
The hottest storm ever. It was tens of millions of
degrees as it doused Earth.
power outages in Sweden
disturbed airplane routes around the world, and
damaged 28 satellites, ending the service life of
two.
http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Sun/SunStormsRecordYr.html
Halloween 2003 (Oct-Nov)
• Burned out the radiation monitor aboard the Global
Surveyor spacecraft orbiting Mars. That instrument
had been tracking the radiation future explorers might
encounter on trips to the Red Planet.
• And beyond Mars near the planet Saturn, the Cassini
spacecraft measured the intense energy from the
Sun.
• Months later, the energy from the storm reached
beyond Pluto's orbit to the edge of the Solar System,
washing over the Voyager spacecraft
http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Sun/SunStormsRecordYr.html
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/geomag/icons/ringcurrent.jpg
http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/tsunamithailand.htm
http://eijournal.com/print/imagery-in-the-news/imagery-inthe-news-departments-mar-apr-2011
https://www.skepticalscience.com/globalwarming-on-mars.htm
• Phobos
• 9378 km from
Mars
• 7 hours, 39 min
to orbit
• Would appear to
cross horizon to
horizon in 5 ½
hours (rises in
West)
• Deimos
• 23,460 km from
Mars
• 30 hours, 18 min to
orbit
• Would appear to
need 3 days to cross
horizon to horizon
(rises in East)
Earth’s Moon is ~384,400 km from
Earth and takes 27.3 d to orbit
Plate Tectonics on Venus??
• No evidence, all mountains appear to be
volcanic in origin
• No sea-floor spreading, no faultlines
• No Seismometers have ever been landed
on Venus. Craft landed there (Russian)
usually they lasted on a few hours before
they failed due to harsh atmospheric
conditions corroded circuits etc.
• Lack of water probably prevents
asthenosphere from being plastic
http://www.public.asu.edu/~atpcs/atpcs/Univ10e/Images
/6268_fig11-22.jpg
http://www.rocksinmyheadtoo.com/Pangea.htm
http://futurism.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/12/PangeaUltima.jpg
Cycles of Super-continents
• Pangea is only latest in the cycle of Super-Continents
• They form about every 500 million years
• They block heat flow from below, so their existence
creates the mechanism to break them apart
*****
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/volcanism/hotspt_small.jpg
http://www.mbari.org/volcanism/images/HawaiiEmperor.jpg
http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/earth/html/im-geology/hot-spot-volcanism.gif
http://geology.uprm.edu/Morelock/GEOLOCN_/1_image/intrplat.jpg
https://www.utwente.nl/en/news/!/2016/2/462188/importantstep-in-understanding-of-light-scattering
http://icecube.berkeley.edu/~bramall/work/astrobiology/fluorescence.htm
https://www.physics.byu.edu/faculty/christensen/physics%
20137/Figures/Energy/Atmospheric%20Opacity.htm
http://scied.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/images/large_image_for_image
_content/atmosphere_layers_diagram_720x440.jpg
http://scied.ucar.edu/ionosphere
Atmospheres of Other Planets
• Earth is only planet
with a stratosphere
because of UVabsorbing ozone
molecules (O3).
• Those same
molecules protect
us from Sun's UV
light.
"No greenhouse" temperatures
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_force
http://library.thinkquest.org/5818/images/mvmt1.gif
https://ase.tufts.edu/cosmos/print_images.asp?id=3
Cassini spacecraft as it flew past Jupiter in
2000.
Surface Pressure on Terrestrial Planets
• Moon
3 x 10-15 bars (atmospheres)
• Mercury
1 x 10-15
• Venus
92
• Earth
1.014
• Mars
0.00636 (6.36 x 10-3)
https://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_1_2_1t.htm
http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s3c.htm
http://lasp.colorado.edu/~bagenal/1010/SESSIONS/14.TerrPlanAtmos.html
http://exoplanet.as.arizona.edu/~lclose/teaching/a202/lect16.html
Polar Ice Caps
• Mars’s polar caps contain frozen water,
a layer of permafrost may exist below
the Martian regolith, and there may be
liquid water beneath the surface
• The Martian polar caps expand in winter
as a thin layer of frozen carbon dioxide
(dry ice) is deposited from the
atmosphere
http://www.universetoday.com/14892/mars-dust-storms/
http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/celest
ial-objects-to-watch/storm-watch-on-mars/
The Martian atmosphere changes dramatically
with the seasons
• Great dust storms sometimes blanket Mars
• Fine-grained dust in its atmosphere gives the Martian sky a
pinkish-orange tint
• Seasonal winds blow dust across the face of Mars, covering
and uncovering the underlying surface material and causing
seasonal color changes
Earth and Mars began with similar atmospheres
that evolved very differently
• Mars’s primordial atmosphere may have been thicker and warmer than
the present-day atmosphere
• It is unclear whether it contained enough carbon dioxide and water
vapor to support a greenhouse effect that would permit liquid water to
exist on the planet’s surface
• The present Martian atmosphere is composed mostly of carbon dioxide
• The atmospheric pressure on the surface is less than 1% that of the
Earth and shows seasonal variations as carbon dioxide freezes onto and
evaporates from the poles
http://pages.uoregon.edu/jimbrau/BrauImNe
w/Chap09/7th/AT_7e_Figure_09_20.jpg
The climate on Venus followed a different
evolutionary path from that on Earth
• Venus’s high temperature is caused by the
greenhouse effect, as the dense carbon dioxide
atmosphere traps and retains energy from sunlight.
• The early atmosphere of Venus contained substantial
amounts of water vapor
• This caused a runaway greenhouse effect that
evaporated Venus’s oceans and drove carbon
dioxide out of the rocks and into the atmosphere
• Almost all of the water vapor was eventually lost by
the action of ultraviolet radiation on the upper
atmosphere.
• The Earth has roughly as much carbon dioxide as
Venus, but it has been dissolved in the Earth’s
oceans and chemically bound into its rocks
http://www.subdued-site.com/WebPages_Local/Blog/topics
/environment/worldPopGrowth_charts/enviro_worldPopGrowth_charts.htm
http://www.census.gov/popclock/
http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-01-13/5-countries-dumpmore-plastic-oceans-rest-world-combined
http://www.bluebird-electric.net/oceanography/pacific_ocean.htm
http://pics-about-space.com/orbit-earth-space-junk-movie?p=1#