Transcript Benchmark 1 Reviewer

Benchmark 1 Reviewer
Eric Angat
Teacher
What are landforms?
Landform refers to the shape
of the land like mountains
and valleys.
http://ccs.clarityconnect.com/NRiggs/Landforms.html
4. What are the processes that
slowly change the surface of Earth?
Weathering
and erosion
What is weathering?
Weathering
breaks rocks
and turn them
to sediments.
http://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/halfdome.htm
What are the causes or
agents of weathering?
Water, ice, wind,
temperature,
living things
http://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/halfdome.htm
Why is water considered as the
most powerful agent of
weathering?
The physical forms
and chemical
properties of water
can easily break
rocks.
http://fphoto.photoshelter.com/image/I0000_fmfxY9ukMU
Why are the rocks in stream
smooth and rounded?
Rocks in a stream roll
because of the
flowing water, this
process makes them
smooth and rounded.
http://motherhood.modernmom.com/putting-river-rocks-around-bushes13761.html
How can acids affect rocks? Acid
causes chemical weathering on rocks.
Acids can dissolve
the minerals in
rocks thus
breaking the rock.
http://imgarcade.com/1/carbonation-chemical-weathering/
Sustainable
Abrasion
Foliation- Weathering
Freezing and Thawing
Growth of Roots
Hot and Humid Climate
Type of Rocks
Weathered Rocks
Dust Bowl
Contour Plowing
Delta
Soil Horizon
What are the three main forces inside Earth?
1. Compressional
causes a rock
to shorten.
2.
stress
Tensional stress
cause a rock to
elongate, or pull apart.
3.
Shear stress
causes rocks to
slip past each other.
How is weathering different from erosion
and deposition?
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
erosion
deposition
erosion
Breaking of
rocks into
sediments.
Moving of
sediment to
another place.
Settling of
sediments.
5.55
Erosion
Big particles
Intermediate
particles
Small
particles
Slump Erosion- large segment of land moves.
Ocean Water
erodes the base.
Gravity
Water erosion results
to SLUMP due to
gravity.
Gravity
Creep Erosion is slow movement (Gravity)
Slow movement
Gravity
Gravity
No trees lead to
erosion. Roots of
trees bind the soil.
erosion
artificial levees
help prevent flooding
Wind blows
the sand
Desert is type of biome that
has little or no precipitation.
Water expands
when it freezes
causing frost
wedging.
Surface Area
Surface area is the measure of how
much exposed area a solid object
uncrumpled paper has
has.
higher surface area
uncrumpled
paper
crumpled
paper
No trees lead to
erosion
Erosion by
water
Wind blows
the sand
Desert is type of biome that
has little or no precipitation.
What are barrier islands?
Barrier Island of
North Carolina
Barrier Island is a narrow island of sand that
lies parallel to a shoreline.
Why are barrier islands
important?
Barrier islands protect the coastlines from
erosion and severe storm surge and
they harbor several habitats that are refuges
for wildlife.
avalanche
glaciation
lahar (volcano)
Snow ( fast)
Ice (slow)
Erosion
by
gravity
Soil creep
Rock slide
Rocks ( fast)
Soil (slow)
Use Venn diagram to compare glaciation,
avalanche, soil creep, rock slide and lahar.
Sea Floor spreading happening in
the Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
widening on
both sides
Magma rises
forming new
crust.
Sea floor spreading is making the Atlantic Ocean wider.
But the Earth is
not growing
bigger! Why?
Because Pacific Ocean crust is subducted into the
mantle.
Subduction recycles
Earth’s crust into
new rocks.
Most earthquakes happen around the Pacific Ocean.
A lot of
volcanoes!
Name the locations of the continents.
Northern Hemisphere
Equator
Northern Hemisphere
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/continents/
What are the three types of
plate boundaries?
Divergent
boundary
Transform or
Shear
boundary
Convergent
boundary
What type of stress on rocks do
plate boundaries produce?
Tensional
stress
Shear
stress
Compressional
stress
Divergent
boundary
Transform
boundary
Convergent
boundary
Alfred Wegener.
The Origins of Continents and Oceans
How did Alfred Wegener use the CONTINENTS to explain
the Continental Drift theory?
Climate in
this region
was similar.
The continents fit together like a puzzle.
How did Alfred Wegener use ROCKS to explain the
Continental Drift theory?
United States
Appalachian Mountain
Africa
Africa
The Appalachian mountains to the shores were used to be
part of Africa. And the rocks matched!
What causes the continents to move?
Continents move because of the
convection current in the mantle.
convection
Earth’s core
What is convection current?
These circular currents
in the
asthenosphere
are called convection
currents. Hot magma
goes up and cooler
magma goes down.
What are the different types of plate
boundaries?
divergent
convergent
Transform
• Rift valley in Africa
• Sea floor spreading in
the Atlantic ocean
• Volcanic activities
Trench, mountain ranges,
volcanic activities,
subduction zones
Horizontal Shear
San Andreas fault, no
volcanic activity
What type of boundary is the
San Andreas fault?
Transform or
Shear boundary
This image shows San Andreas Lake and Crystal Springs
reservoir from the air, looking SouthEast from HERE.
The highway paralleling the lakes to the left is
Interstate 280, ``the most beautiful urban highway in
the United States''. (And it is indeed very scenic.)
Convergent - Oceanic-continental
boundary forms_________________.
volcanoes
trench
subduction
Convergent –
Continental -continental boundary
forms_________________.
Mountain
range
subduction
Convergent - Oceanic-oceanic boundary
forms_________________.
volcanoes
trench
subduction
How is Earth affected by divergent
boundaries?
Splitting Africa
Widening Atlantic Ocean
Old Crust is farther
from the ridge.
Young Crust is nearer
to the ridge.
What kind of boundary is a rift valley?
Rift Valley is a divergent boundary
Where do most earthquakes happen?
Most EARTHQUAKES happen anywhere around the
Pacific Ring of Fire!
Ridge
push
Ridge
Ridge
push
convection
Rocks are
melted and
recycled into
new rocks.
Rocks are
melted and
recycled into
new rocks.
In what area of our planet are earthquakes
most common?
Convergent boundary
volcanoes
Pacific Ring of Fire
Earthquake prone
Transform boundary
San Andreas fault
Earthquakes happen
because of too much stress
in fault lines or a result of
volcanic eruption. They are
most common in the Pacific
Ring of Fire.
How is Earth affected by plate boundaries?
Divergent –
Tensional stress
Convergent Compressional stress
Transform-Shear stress
Which is the hanging wall and
which is the foot wall in a fault?
A is the
hanging
_______wall
while
B is the _____
foot
wall.
Describe the motion of the foot
wall and the hanging wall in a
normal fault.
Foot
wall
Hanging
wall
5. Describe the motion of the
foot wall and the hanging wall in
a reverse fault.
Hanging
wall
Foot
wall
Normal Fault
Reverse Fault
Hanging
Movement Hanging
wall goes of the crust wall goes
down and
up and foot
foot wall
wall goes
goes up.
down.
Epicenter
What is the
location within
Earth where
earthquake begin?
Seismic waves
•Deep focus-weak earthquake
•Shallow focus- strong earthquake
Rocks break in
the focus
because of too
much stress!
7. Which state has the most frequent
earthquakes? Why?
Alaska registers the most earthquakes in a
given year, with California placing second.
California, however, has the most damaging
earthquakes because of its greater population
and extensive infrastructure.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1366603/Earthquake-map-Americamake-think-again.html
http://www.washingtonstatesearch.com/United_States_maps/United_States_map.html
Describe the locations of nuclear power plants in the United
States? Any relation with the earthquake map?
Nuclear power plants in the United States
How do seismologists determine the
location of the EPICENTER?
They calculate the
distance and arrival time
of seismic waves to
determine the epicenter.
Stress causes Strain. What are the three
types of strain?
Brittle strain
Ductile strain
Breaks.
Deformed-does not
return to original form.
Elastic strain
Returns to original
form or shape.
Primary Wave (fastest)
expands and contracts
Surface Wave
Rolling motion
Secondary Wave
right angle
What is the difference between
intensity and magnitude?
Magnitude measures the energy released at
the source of the earthquake. It is measured
with a seismograph based on the amplitude.
Intensity is determined from effects
on people, human structures, and
the natural environment.
convergent
convergent
Transform or strike slip
Atlantic
Ocean
convergent
No plate
boundary
Pacific
Ocean
divergent
divergent
The three types of volcanoes.
•Gentle or non-explosive
eruptions of flowing lava.
•widest
•Most violent ( explosive)
eruption.
•Smallest type
•Explosive or nonexplosive eruption
•Biggest
http://www.geology.utah.gov/teacher/tc/tc0599.htm
Caldera is a collapsed crater
due to volcanic eruption.
Why do volcanoes erupt and explode?
Magma is lighter than rock so it rises and comes out
as lava. The pressure that it carries with it causes
volcanoes to erupt and even explode when lake
water comes in contact with the very hot lava.
A lahar is a
volcanic
rocks, ash
and water
that flows
rapidly along
a slope.
Effects of lahar?
Lahars are
extremely
deadly
destructive they
can destroy any
structures in
their path.
Lahars can destroy forests.
Lahars can bury communities
with debris.
Lahars can block tributary streams.
Tributaries are water channels that
supply water to the river.
d. Lahars can lead to increased
deposition of sediment.
Deposition of sediment makes rivers shallow.
Pyroclastic refers to
the masses of rock
fragments and gases
from a volcano.
Pyroclastic
flow
Lava
Molten
rocks
All three are
from volcanic
eruptions.
Lahar
Fast moving
flow of muddy
water
Fast moving
volcanic ash
and rocks
Draw this picture in your notebook.
Epicenter. Earthquake felt
Transform
Boundary
on the surface
Seismic waves
Fault line
FOCUS- Origin of the
earthquake, happens
underground.
http://sciencewithme.com/learn-about-earthquakes/
Seismic Waves
are produced by Earthquakes
Body Waves
Surface Waves
Slowest
P-Wave
S-Wave
Fastest
Fast
Can travel
through
Earth
Can travel
through Earth,
but not through
the core.
Travels only on Earth’s surface
Seismic Waves
are produced by Earthquakes
Body Waves
Surface Waves
Slowest
P-Wave
S-Wave
Fastest
Fast
Can travel
through
Earth
Can travel
through Earth,
but not through
the core.
Travels only on Earth’s surface
Seismic Waves
are produced by Earthquakes
Body Waves
Surface Waves
Slowest
P-Wave
S-Wave
Fastest
Fast
Can travel
through
Earth
Can travel
through Earth,
but not through
the core.
Travels only on Earth’s surface
Surface waves
are seismic
waves that
stays on the
surface.
S waves
cannot
penetrate
the liquid
outercore.
P-wave
P-wave
P waves
also
refracts but
is able to
penetrate
the core.
10. Which seismic wave can penetrate
the core but refracts?
In what directions do the
P, S, and Surface waves
move?
sideways
Right
angle
rolling
13. Which is faster S or
P wave?
13 minutes
4000 km
7 minutes
4000 km
There are different types of seismic
waves based on the movement . The two
major types are body waves ( S and P
waves ) and surface waves. Body waves
can travel through earth inner layers
while surface waves can travel only on
the surface of the land.
15. Which type of
wave can
penetrate the
outer and inner
core?
16. What happens to
S and P waves as
they travel inside
earth?
Figure 10-10, page 503
Refraction or bending of waves
provide scientists information
on the composition and interior
of Earth.
Refraction
Refraction
is the bending of
light.
Pencil looks nearer
to the surface.
Pencil looks
distorted.
How are we affected by Earthquakes?
Liquefaction
tsunami
Destruction
of properties
landslide
avalanche
How are we affected by Earthquakes?
Liquefaction
Soil turns to mud.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/planelanded-in-earthquake1.htm
How are we affected by Earthquakes?
tsunami
http://leamichelles.blogspot.com/2011/07/japan-earthquake-and-tsunami-2011.html
How are we affected by Earthquakes?
Destruction of properties
http://blog.teacherbentum.com/hello-world/
How are we affected by Earthquakes?
landslide
http://robz92.wordpress.com/
How are we affected by Earthquakes?
avalanche
http://www.slcoem.org/Hazards.html