Transcript Ch 1 Earth Science PPTx

Hello …
What is Earth Science?
Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.1
Bio
 Life
Geo
 Earth
Hydro
 water
ology
 Study of
Earth Science
A name for the group of
sciences that deals with
Earth and it’s neighbors
in space
geology
Study of the physical
material and historical
make-up of the Earth.
oceanography
Study of the
composition and
movements of seawater,
coastal processes,
seafloor topography,
and marine life.
meteorology
Study of the atmosphere
and the processes that
produce weather and
climate.
astronomy
Study of the universe
That’s Random
Overview of Earth Science
 Earth science is the name
for the group of sciences
that deals with Earth and
it’s neighbors in space.
Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories.
 Geology – study of the
Earth

Physical Geology –
examination of the materials
that make up the Earth and
the possible explanations
that for the many processes
that shape our planet.

Historical Geology –
understand Earth’s long
history and establish a “timeline”
Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories.
 Oceanography - Study of
the composition and
movements of sea water,
coastal processes,
seafloor topography, and
marine life.
Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories.
 Meteorology - Study of
the atmosphere and the
processes that produce
weather and climate.
Earth Science is divided into four main sub-categories.
 Astronomy - Study of the
universe
Formation of Earth
 Nebular Hypothesis –
suggests that the bodies
of our solar system
evolved from an
enormous rotating cloud
called the solar nebula. It
was made up mostly of
hydrogen and helium,
with a small percentage
of heavier elements.
“That’s Random”
Earth Science – Chapter 1.2
sphere
 3-dimensionally round
“ball”
hydrosphere
Water portion of the earth
atmosphere
Gaseous envelope
around the Earth
geosphere
Composed of the
core, mantle, and
crust
biosphere
All life-forms on
Earth
core
 Dense, heavy inner
sphere of the Earth
mantle
 Located between the
crust and core of the
Earth
crust
 Thin outside layer of the
Earth’s surface
Dam Picture
Earth can be divided into four major spheres
 Hydrosphere – water portion of the earth
 Atmosphere - gaseous envelope around the Earth
 Geosphere - composed of the core, mantle, and crust
 Biosphere - all life-forms on Earth
Hydrosphere
 All water on Earth
 Oceans account for 97%
of all Earth’s water
 3% is freshwater
(groundwater, streams,
lakes, and glaciers)
Atmosphere
 Life-sustaining gaseous
envelope
 Extends about 100km
upward
 Protects us from sun’s
heat and dangerous
radiation
Geosphere
 Lies beneath both the
atmosphere and the
ocean
 The geosphere is not
uniform and is divided
into 3 main parts based
on composition.



Core – dense center of the
Earth
Mantle – middle layer of
the Earth
Crust – thin, outer layer of
Earth
Biosphere
 Consists of all life on
Earth
Plate Tectonics - Theory
 Earth’s lithosphere is
broken into several
sections called plates
 These plates move slowly
and continuously due to
the unequal distribution of
heat within Earth
 The movements of these
plates generate
earthquakes, volcanic
activity, and the
deformation of large
masses of rock into
mountains.
That’s Random
Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.3
latitude
 The distance north or
south of the equator,
measured in degrees
longitude
 The distance east or west
of the prime meridian,
measure in degrees.
topographic map
 A map that represents
Earth’s surface in three
dimensions (3-D). It
shows elevation,
distance, directions, and
slope angles.
contour line
 Line on a topographic
map that indicates an
elevation; Every point
along a contour line is an
elevation.
contour interval
 On a topographic map,
tells the distance in
elevation between
adjacent contour lines.
That’s Random
Determining Location
 Global Grid

Scientists use two special
Earth measurements to
describe location.

The distance around Earth is
measured in degrees.

Latitude is the distance north
or south of the equator,
measured in degrees.

Longitude is the distance east
or west of the prime meridian,
measured in degrees.
Determining Location
 Maps and Mapping

A map is a flat representation of
Earth’s surface

No matter what kind of map is
made, some portion of the surface
will always look either too small,
too big, or out of place.
Mapmakers have, however, found
ways to limit the distortion of
shape, size, distance, and
direction.

The Mercator Projection Map

The Conic Projection Map

The Gnomonic Projection Map
Determining Location

Topographic Maps

A topographic map represents Earth’s
three dimensional surface in two
dimensions.

Topographic maps differ from the other
maps discussed so far because
topographic maps show elevation.

Topographical maps show elevation of
Earth’s surface by means of contour lines.


The elevation of the land is indicated by
using contour lines.

The contour interval tells you the
difference in elevation between adjacent
lines.
Geologic maps show the variations of rock
type and age that are exposed at the
surface.
Determining Location
 Advanced Technology

Today’s technology provides
us with the ability to more
precisely analyze Earth’s
physical properties.

Satellites

Computers

GPS (Global Positioning
Systems)
“Old School” GPS Systems
Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.4
system
 Any size group of
interacting parts that
form a complex whole
“Hot” ….. “On Fire” … Quite the Match!
Earth System Science
 A way at looking at Earth
from what we know in
other sciences such as
geology, chemistry,
and/or biology.
 The goal is to understand
Earth as a system made
up of numerous
interacting parts, or
subsystems.
What is a System?
 A system can be any size
group of interacting parts
that form a complex
whole.
What is a System?
 The Earth system is powered by
energy from two sources

Sun – The sun is the source that drives
external processes that occur in the
atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at the
earth’s surface.

Earth’s Interior – The heat from the
interior of Earth power processes like
earthquakes, volcanoes, and
mountains.
 Humans are also part of the
Earth’s system

Our actions produce changes in all of
the other parts of the earth system
People and the Environment

Environment – everything that surrounds
and influences an organism

Environmental Science – the relationships
between people and the natural environment

Resources are the foundation of modern
civilization and include water, soil, metallic
and nonmetallic minerals, and energy.

Renewable resources – can be
replenished over relatively short time
spans


Examples - trees (wood), solar, wind,
and water
Non-renewable resources – take long
periods (millions of years) to create and
replenish

Examples – natural gas, oil, and coal
Environmental Problems

Two main attributes caused increased
population (1) Agricultural Revolution
as better nutrition = longer life span,
and (2) Industrial Revolution as nonrenewable resources were used (fossil
fuels) = Increase technology and
medical improvements.

Significant threats to the government
include air pollution, acid rain, ozone
depletion, and global warming.
“That’s Random”
Ag Earth Science – Chapter 1.1
hypothesis
 A tentative
explanation that is
tested to determine
if it is valid
experimentation
 The testing of an
idea
experimental error
 In conducting an
experiment, a
person encounters
one or more errors
variables
 Those parts of an
experiment that
can change during
an experiment and
influence the
results
conclusion
 A decision that is
reached after
thinking/analyzing
about certain facts
or information
theory
 A well-tested and
widely accepted
view that explains
certain observable
facts.
scientific law
 Results from many
scientists
repeatedly reaching
the same
conclusions.
Scientific Method
BCHS Graduate ….
Scientific Method
 The process of gathering facts through observations and
formulating scientific hypotheses and theories
 Steps in Scientific Method

Collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement

Development of one or more working hypotheses to explain these facts

Development of observations and experiments to test hypotheses

Acceptance, modification, or rejection of the hypothesis based on
extensive testing
Hypothesis
 Once data have been gathered, scientists try to
explain how or why things happen in the manner
observed.
 Scientists do this by stating a possible explanation
called a hypothesis
 A hypothesis must be “testable”
Theory
 A scientific theory is a well tested and widely
accepted by the scientific community and best
explains certain observable facts.
THE END ….. for this chapter.