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Plate Tectonics Deformation of the Crust Earthquakes Volcanoes Other 100 pt 100 pt 100 pt 100 pt 100 pt 200 pt 200 pt 200pt 200 pt 200 pt 300 pt 300 pt 300 pt 300 pt 300 pt 400 pt 400 pt 400 pt 400 pt 400 pt 1000 pt 500 pt 800 pt 500 pt 1000 pt How do the age of the rocks found at the center of a mid-ocean ridge compare to rocks farther away from a mid-ocean ridge? They were formed more recently than rocks farther from the ridge When does a rift valley form? A rift valley forms when an oceanic or continental plate pulls apart How do convection currents in the mantle affect tectonic plates? As the mantle material moves, it drags the overlying tectonic plates along with it What is ridge push? Ridge push is the force exerted when cooling lithosphere sinks, causing the asthenosphere below it to exert force on a plate. How were the islands of Japan formed? Which plates were involved? (Fig 4. Page 250) The islands of Japan are formed by the subduction of the Pacific plate and the Philippine plate under the Eurasian plate What is the definition of Isostasy? The definition of Isostasy is as follows: a condition of gravitational and buoyant equilibrium between Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere What two factors will encourage rock to deform in a ductile fashion? High temperature and high pressure What are the names of the two mountain belts of the world? The names are EurasianMelanesian and Circum-Pacific In a syncline fold, what is the relative age of the rock in the center? The rock in the center of a syncline fold is the youngest compared to the other rock in the fold. How are fault block mountains formed? What other geographical feature is also formed in the same type of faulting? Fault-block mountains are formed when faults break the Earth’s crust into large blocks and some blocks drop down relative to other blocks. Grabens are formed via the same type of faulting. What instrument is used to record vibration in the ground? A seismograph What is the difference between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake? The focus is the location within Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs. The epicenter is the point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus What type of motion do P-Waves cause? What about S-Waves? P-Waves cause back-and-forth direction motion while S-waves cause side-to-side direction motion On the Richter scale, a III level earthquake and a IV level earthquake were measured. How many times stronger was the IV compared to the III? [Question from ‘08 STAR test] 10 times What is the shadow zone called that occurs from 105 to 140 degrees away from the epicenter of an earthquake? (Fig. 4 pg 298) The P-Wave shadow zone Volcanically active and usually far from a tectonic plate boundary, Hawaii was formed from this : A Hot Spot What is name of the lava that is least viscous? Pahoehoe What is the difference between lava and magma? Magma is molten rock Lava is magma that has flowed onto Earth’s surface Plutons form when magma does not reach the Earth’s surface, but instead cools and solidifies inside the crust. What are small, tabular plutons called? What about large plutons with an area over 100 km2? Dikes and Batholiths, respectively What is the Latin name for large pyoclastic particles less than 64 mm in diameter? Lapilli What are the four branches of Earth Science? Geology, Oceanography, Meteorology and Astronomy Earth is not a sphere – instead it is this: An oblate spheroid For more than forty years, scientists have tried to harness this alternate energy source and have failed because of the extreme temperatures involved. What is this energy source? Nuclear fusion Rocks in the Felsic family contain more of this substance than rock in the Mafic rock family. What substance is this? Silica What is the common name for Chalcopyrite? Copper