Transcript earthquakes1

Earthquakes happen where Earth's plates
meet. Most earthquakes happen under the
sea. Where the plates stick, pressure builds up
and then the earth shakes. There are about
3000 earthquakes every day, so small that they
are hardly noticed. Earthquakes injure lots of
people.
But what causes it? The earth can be divided
into four main layers: the solid inner core, the
liquid outer core, the mantle, and the crust. An
earthquake is caused by a sudden rupture
the earth's surface) in a fault. A fault is
the broken surface within the rocky pile inside
the earth's crust. Stress in the earth's outer
layer cause a pushing effect against the sides
of the fault. .Due to this motion, rocks slip
or slide against each other releasing energy.
This released energy travels in waves through
the earth's crust and causes the shaking that
we feel during an earthquake.
• “Because of the recent earthquake tragedies in Haiti and
Chile, I think it is important to build a city that earthquakes
cannot damage or destroy. The high rise buildings should be
strong enough to withstand any earthquakes, so that people
can be safe and will not be threatened.
• Age:13
• School: Kop chuck Middle school.
• City, State: Gig harbour , Washington
The largest earthquake recorded was in
Chile 22nd May 1960 9.5. It struck in the
afternoon 7:11 local time 2:11.
Earthquake vibrations travel very fast, up
to 14 kilometres per second. The fastest
seismic waves take less than 20 minutes
to reach the other side of the earth, a
distance of almost 13,000 kilometres!
Scientists use instruments called
seismographs (say size-mu-graphs) to
measure the strength of movement and
earthquakes.
The most deadly earthquake was
recorded in China in 1557. During
this time many people lived in the
mountains in artificial caves and
the quake resulted in over 800,000
deaths
Date
Location
Coordinates
Deaths
Ma
g
4,500
6.4
-
Comments
1902 Dec 16
Turkestan
40.8 N
72.6 E
1905 Apr 4
India, Kangra
33.0 N
76.0 E
19,000
8.6
-
1905 Sep 8
Italy, Calabria
39.4 N
16.4 E
2,500
7.9
-
1906 Jan 31
Colombia
1.0 N
81.5 W
1,000
8.9
-
1906 Mar 17
Formosa, Kagi
-
-
1,300
7.1
-
1906 Aug 17
Chile, Santiago
33.0 S
72.0 W
20,000
8.6
-
1907 Jan 14
Jamaica, Kingston
18.2 N
76.7 W
1,600
6.5
-
1907 Oct 21
Central Asia
38.0 N
69.0 E
12,000
8.1
-
7.5
Deaths from
earthquake
and
tsunami.
1908 Dec 28
Italy, Messina
38.0 N
15.5 E
70,000
to
100,00
0
1912 Aug 9
Marmara Sea
40.5 N
27.0 E
1,950
7.8
-
1915 Jan 13
Italy, Avezzano
42.0 N
13.5 E
29,980
7.5
-
1920 Dec 16
China, Gansu
35.8 N
05.7 E
200,00
0
8.6
Major
fractures,
landslides.
1923 Sep 1
Japan, Kwanto
Tokyo-Yokohama
35.0 N
139.5 E
143,00
0
8.3
Great Tokyo
fire.
1925 Mar 16
China, Yunnan
25.5 N
100.3 E
5,000
7.1
Talifu
almost
completely
destroyed.
1927 Mar 7
Japan, Tango
35.8 N
134.8 E
3,020
7.9
-
8.3
Large
fractures.
1927 May 22
China, near Xining
36.8 N
102.8 E
200,00
0
1929 May 1
Iran
38 N
58 E
3,300
7.4
-
1930 Jul 23
Italy
41.1 N
15.4 E
1,430
6.5
-
1932 Dec 25
China, Gansu
39.7 N
97.0 E
70,000
7.6
-
1933 Mar 2
Japan, Sanriku
39.0 N
143.0 E
2,990
8.9
-
1934 Jan 15
India, Bihar-Nepal
26.6 N
86.8 E
10,700
8.4
-
1935 Apr 20
Formosa
24.0 N
121.0 E
3,280
7.1
-
1935 May 30
Pakistan, Quetta
29.6 N
66.5 E
30,000
to
60,000
7.5
Quetta
almost
completely
destroyed.
1939 Jan 25
Chile, Chillan
36.2 S
72.2 W
28,000
8.3
-
1939 Dec 26
Turkey, Erzincan
39.6 N
38 E
30,000
8.0
-
Date
1883 Aug 28
Location
Gayndah (QLD)
Coordinates
25.5 S
151.7 E
Mag MMI
Comments
5.9
VII -
1897 May 10
Beachport (SA)
37.3 S
139.7 E
6.5
Severe
damage and
extensive
liquefaction in
the epicentral
VIII
area. About
250 km south
of Adelaide.
Minor damage
in Adelaide.
1902 Sep 19
Warooka (SA)
35.0 S
137.4 E
6.0
VII -
1918 Jun 6
Gladstone (QLD)
23.5 S
152.5 E
6.0
VI
Among the
largest E.
Australian
earthquakes,
and the
largest
according to a
magnitude
estimate of
6.3 which was
based on felt
area. Located
135 km
offshore
Gladstone.
Felt area
spanned
Mackay (to
Nth), Grafton
NSW (to Sth)
and
Charleville (to
Wst). Damage
in
Rockhampton
region
included fallen
chimneys,
cracks in
walls, broken
windows.
Minor damage
reported in
Bundaberg
area and
1935 Apr 4
1941 Apr 29
Gayndah (QLD)
25.5 S
151.67 E 6.1 VII -
Meeberie (WA)
26.8 S
1954 Feb 28
Adelaide (SA)
Intensities
MMI 5 to 6 in
the central
Adelaide
area. Small
34.93 S 138.67 E 5.4 VIII area of MM 8
in the outer
southern
suburbs.
$100M
damage.
1960 Nov 11
Brisbane/Mt.
Glorious (QLD)
27.33 S 152.83 E 5.0
1968 Oct 14
Meckering (WA)
31.6 S
116.1 E
Largest
onshore
earthquake in
Australia.
Caused
7.2 VIII
minor
damage in
Perth some
600 km
distant.
117.0 E
-
Mt Glorious
earthquake to the north
of Brisbane.
Located 150
km east of
Perth.
Caused
damage in
Perth. Fault
trace of 35
km broke the
earths
surface (click
6.9 IX here for an
image courtesy of
Director
AGSO) with
up to 2m
vertical offset
which
buckled
railway lines,
pipelines and
• A tsunami is usually caused by a powerful
earthquake under the ocean floor. This earthquake
pushes a large amount of water to the surface,
creating waves. These waves are the tsunami.
• In the deep ocean these waves are small. As they
move towards the coast these waves get bigger and
more dangerous. Tsunami waves can cause a lot of
damage when they reach land.
• A tsunami can also be triggered by a volcanic
eruption, landslide, or other movements of the
Earth’s surface.
• The 1960 Valdivia earthquake or Great Chilean Earthquake
of 22 May 1960 is to date the most powerful earthquake ever
recorded, rating 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale.[1] It
occurred in the afternoon (19:11 GMT, 14:11 local time) and
its resulting tsunami affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan,
the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia,
and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.