Transcript 1 PHYSICS 231 Lecture 21: Some material science

PHYSICS 231
Lecture 21: Some material science
gas
liquid
solid
Remco Zegers
Walk-in hour: Thursday 11:30-13:30 am
Helproom
PHY 231
1
Solid
States of matter
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
difficult
to
deform
difficult
to
compress
difficult
to flow
easy to
deform
easy to
deform
easy to
deform
difficult
to
compress
easy to
flow
easy to easy to
compress compress
easy to
flow
easy to
flow
not
charged
not
charged
not
charged
charged
PHY 231
2
Phase transformations
PHY 231
3
solids
amorphous
ordered
PHY 231
crystalline
4
The deformation of solids
Stress: Tells something about the force causing the
deformation
Strain: Measure of the degree of deformation
For small stress, strain and stress are linearly correlated.
Strain = Constant*Stress
Constant: elastic modulus
The elastic modulus depends on:
• Material that is deformed
• Type of deformation (a different modulus is defined for
different types of deformations)
PHY 231
5
The Young’s modulus
tensile stress
Y
tensile strain
2
tensile stress : F/A [N/m  Pascal (Pa)]
tensile strain : L/L 0
FL0
F/A
Y

L / L0 AL
Beyond the elastic limit an object
is permanently deformed (it does
not return to its original shape if
the stress is removed).
PHY 231
6
example
An architect wants to design a 5m high circular pillar with
a radius of 0.5 m that holds a bronze statue that weighs
1.0E+04 kg. He chooses concrete for the material of the
pillar (Y=1.0E+10 Pa). How much does the pillar compress?
F/A
Y

L / L0
2
M statueg /(R pillar
)
L / L0
R=0.5 m L0=5m Y=1.0E+10 Pa M=1.0E+04 kg
5m
L=6.2E-05 m
PHY 231
7
Ultimate strength
Ultimate strength: maximum force per unit area a material
can withstand before it breaks or fractures.
Different for
compression and tension.
PHY 231
8
example
A builder is stacking 1 m3 cubic concrete blocks. Each blocks
weighs 5E+03 kg. The ultimate strength of concrete for
compression is 2E+07 Pa. How many blocks can he stack
before the lowest block is crushed?
The force on the low end of the lowest block
is: F=Nmblockg.
N: total number of blocks
mblock=mass of one block
g=9.81 m/s2
Ultimate strength: 2E+07=F/A
=Nmblockg/1
N=408 blocks.
PHY 231
9
The Shear Modulus
x
shear stress
S
shear strain
2
shear stress : F/A [N/m  Pascal (Pa) ]
shear strain : x/h
F/A
Fh
S

x / h Ax
PHY 231
10
Moving earth crust
100 m
30 m
A tectonic plate in the lower crust (100 m deep) of
the earth is shifted during an earthquake by 30m.
What is the shear stress involved, if the upper layer
of the earth does not move? (S=1.5E+10 Pa)
shear stress F / A
S

shear strain x / h
F/A=4.5E+09 Pa
PHY 231
11
Bulk Modulus
volume stress
B
volume strain
volume stress : F/A [N/m 2  Pascal (Pa)]
volume strain : V/V0
F / A
P
B

V / V0
V / V0
P  pressure
Compressibility: 1/(Bulk modulus)
PHY 231
12
example
What force per unit area needs to be applied to compress
1 m3 water by 1%? (B=0.21E+10 Pa)
F / A
B
V / V0
V/V0=0.01 so, F/A=2.1E+07 Pa !!!
PHY 231
13
Some typical elastic moduli
PHY 231
14
Density
M

V
3
(kg / m )
 specific   material /  water ( 4
PHY 231
o
C)
15
Pressure
Pressure=F/A (N/m2=Pa)
Same Force, different pressure
PHY 231
16
example
A nail is driven into a piece of wood with a force of 700N.
What is the pressure on the wood if Anail=1 mm2?
A person (weighing 700 N) is lying on a bed of such
nails (his body covers 1000 nails). What is the pressure
exerted by each of the nails?
Pnail=F/Anail=700N/1E-06m2=7E+08 Pa
Pperson=F/(1000Anail)=700/1E-03=
7E+05 Pa
(about 7 times the atmospheric
pressure).
PHY 231
17