Transcript Earth and Atmoshere Revision

‘Winners never quit
and
quitters never win.’
What does this mean?
B1
Revision
1.
Chromosomes are found in?
A
B
C
Just in
brain
cells
The
nucleus
of a cell
Cytoplasm
2. Cloning refers to ..
A
Techniques
that are
used to
produce
genetically
identical
individuals
?
B
Techniques
that are
used to
produce
genetically
different
individuals
3.
Which statement is incorrect
about Sexual reproduction…
A
B
There is only
one parent.
The offspring
is a clone
Results in
variation in the
offspring of
parents
C
The new cell
gets half its
genes from
2 parents
D
Involves a
sex cell
fusing with
a female
sex cell
4. Gametes are …
A
C
Male and
Female
sex cells
(sperm
and egg)
Male sex
cells
(sperm)
B
D
Female
sex cells
(eggs)
Male and
Female
body cells
5. Which statement is incorrect
about asexual reproduction…
B
A
Results in
variation
Produces
genetically
identical
offspring
(clones)
C
Does not
involve
gametes
D
Involves
one parent
6. Which statements is incorrect…
A
Chromosomes
are made up of
genes
B
Genes are
made up of
chromosomes
C
Genes control
the
development
of the
characteristics
of the
offspring
7.
Genetic engineering is used to …
Create
A
C
To
B
To grow human
clones
D
Ensure that
organisms have
‘desired’ or
selected
characteristics
C
8. Cuttings are ..?
B
A
Taken from
plants to
produce
variation in
plants
Taken from
plants to
produce new
genetically
identical plants
Taken from
animals to
produce new
genetically
identical animals
P1
Revision
The Earth and its atmosphere
provide everything we need.
The Earth has a layered structure.
Large-scale
movements
of the
Earth’s
crust can
cause
changes in
the rocks.
It has been much the same for
the last 200 million years and
provides the conditions needed
for life on Earth.
Recently human
activities have
produced further
changes.
Earth Revision
Which
letter is
the outer
Core?
D
C
Which
letter is
the inner
core ?
A
Which
letter
is the
Crust?
B
Which letter is
the Atmosphere?
E
Which letter
is the mantle?
Can we accurately predict when
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
will occur?
A
We can predict
where they are
likely to occur but
not when
B
We can not predict
where or when they
are likely to occur
Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur in
predictable areas of the world along or
near boundaries between tectonic plates.
What are the main two metals
making up the Earth’s core? …
A
B
Gold and
Steel
Iron and
Nickle
C
D
Magnesium
and iron
Magnesium
and Copper
Why was crustal movement (continental
drift) not generally accepted for many years
after it was proposed?
A
B
Wegener
knew how but
not why the
continents
should move
apart
Wegener did
not know how
or why the
continents
should move
apart.
Mini Plenary
Match the words A, B, C and D to the numbers
1–4 in the sentences.
A
B
C
D
boundaries
earthquakes
sudden
tectonic
The Earth’s
1
plates move slowly but the
movement may be
2
. Volcanic eruptions
and
3
occur at the
4
of the
plates.
(4 marks)
The Earth’s crust and the upper part of
the mantle are cracked
into a number of large pieces called?
A
B
C
D
Tinytonic
Plates
Tictonic
Plates
Tantonic
Plates
Tectonic
Plates
Mini Plenary
The movement of the tectonic plates
is caused by:
A
B
C
D
conduction in the inner core.
conduction in the outer core.
convection in the mantle.
radiation in the crust.
10. Tectonic plates move by a
relative speed of?
A
B
A few mm per
year
A few cm
per year
C
A few m per year
D
A few
miles per
year
What are the main features of a
Volcano?
Learning Objectives
1. State where in the World the majority of
volcanoes and earthquakes occur. (D)
2. Describe how and why an earthquake occurs
(B)
TITLE
Can we predict when
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions will occur?
Where do
most
earthquakes
and
volcanoes
occur?
Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along
or near the boundaries between tectonic
plates.
Iceland is getting bigger.
What you need to know for the
exam…
• Candidates should consider long-term and short-term changes in
the Earth’s crust, and how these changes impact on human life. In
particular, they and out about earthquakes and volcanoes –
explaining them, predicting them and coping with them.
• understand that earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building
generally occur at the edges of tectonic plates
• Understand how the movement of tectonic plates causes
earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building, and
contributes to the rock cycle
What you need to know for the
exam…
•
Can we predict earthquakes, especially those that are likely to cause most
damage?
•
recall that earthquakes produce wave motions on the surface and inside the
Earth which can be detected by instruments located on the Earth’s surface
•
•
•
•
recall that earthquakes produce:
a. P-waves (longitudinal waves) which travel through solids and liquids
b. S-waves (transverse waves) which travel through solids but not liquids
describe the difference between a transverse and longitudinal wave
Predicting Earthquakes
• Although we can predict where an
earthquake is likely to occur, we can not
predict when they will occur with any
accuracy.
Explain why London gets very few earthquakes.
Explain why Los Angeles is preparing itself
for a large earthquake.
Iceland is getting wider every year by about 4 cm.
The Himalayas are getting higher year by year.
Using this diagram,
explain how and why these
plates move around on the
Earth’s surface.
The arrows represent
convection currents.
What happens at the junction
of the following plates:
A and F?
Crust is stretched and cracks appear. In some
cases magma rises up erupting as a volcano.
What provides the energy for
movement of the tectonic plates
A magnetic forces causing movement in the
mantle
B movements in the mantle causing magnetic
forces
C heat causing radioactive processes
D radioactive processes releasing
heat
True or False
The features of the Earth’s surface were the
result of the shrinking of the crust as the Earth
cooled down following its formation.
False
Scientists once
thought this was true
though!
Crust
Forming
Crust wrinkles forming
mountains and valleys
Cooling and
Contracting
The Earth 4000 million
years ago.
The Earth after cooling
for millions of years.
Higher Question
Scientist once thought that the cause of
many of the features was:
• A expansion of the crust as it cooled down.
• B expansion of the crust as it heated up.
• C shrinkage of the crust as it cooled down.
• D shrinkage of the crust as it heated up.
The tectonic plate movements can be
sudden and disastrous. Earthquakes
and/or volcanic eruptions occur …
C
B
Every where
at the
boundaries
between A
tectonic
plates.
at the centre of
tectonic plates
Write the question and answer it!!!
What percentage of the Earth’s
atmosphere is composed (made up of):
•
•
•
% Nitrogen
% Oxygen
% Carbon dioxide
Learning Objectives
1. Know how the earth’s atmosphere has
changed over time.
2. Know the percentages of gases in dry air.
3. Know where the noble gases are found on a
periodic table.
4. Know how we use noble gases and what their
properties are.
How the Earth’s Atmosphere
Changed?
• During the first billion (1000 million) years
of the Earth’s existence, there was
intense volcanic activity.
• Rocks decomposed, elements reacted and
gases were released to form the first
atmosphere.
CO2
CH4
H20
NH3
The Earth’s atmosphere was originally
very different from what it is today.
CO2
CH4
The early atmosphere was mainly
(H20) with small proportions of methane (
H 20
NH3
(C02) and
)and ammonia( ).
CO2
H 20
CH4
NH3
As the molten rocks on the earth’s surface
down and
the temperature dropped further, most of the water vapour
to form
,
and
.
CO2
02
CH4
When plants appeared on the Earth,
and
were taken up during
was produced.
02
NH3
(C02)
and oxygen
CO2
02
N2
As
(02) collected in the atmosphere, flammable gases
like methane (
) and
(NH3), burnt in this oxygen
producing more
(H20),
and
(N2).
CO2
N2
02
Fossil Fuel
Sedimentary Rock
Over billions of years, carbon dioxide became locked up
and in
rocks as carbonates.
as
The carbon dioxide in the changing
atmosphere was being removed by two
processes:
1. The formation of fossil fuels from carbon
compounds in plants and sea creatures.
2. The deposition of carbonates as sedimentary
rocks, following erosion by rivers and from the
shells and bones of sea creatures.
Our Atmosphere Today
• More or less the same for 200 million
years!
• Composed of about 80% (4/5) Nitrogen
• Composed of about 20 % (1/5) Oxygen
• Small proportion of other gases including
carbon dioxide, water vapour and noble
gases.
The Percentages of Gases in Dry Air
Pie Chart to Show the percentage of gases
in dry air
Gas
Percentage
Nitrogen
78.1
Oxygen
20.9
Argon
0.9
Carbon dioxide
Neon
Krypton
Xenon
Less
than
0.1
Nobel Gases
The Position of the Noble Gases (Group 0)in the Periodic
Table
0
3
4
5
6
7
Noble Gases
Nobel Gases
•
All chemically unreactive.
•
All colourless
•
All odourless
•
Have very low melting and boiling points
•
Exist as separate single atoms
(other
gaseous atoms exist as diatomic molecules
e.g. 02, H2, N2 etc).
Uses of Noble Gases
• Helium is a noble gas.
• Can anyone think of where Helium is used?
What properties of
helium make it
useful in balloons
and airships?
Helium is used in
balloons and
airships because it
has a low density
and it is nonflammable.
Uses of Noble Gases
• Argon and Krypton are used in filament
lamps (light bulbs)
• Neon and Argon are used in electric
discharge tubes to create fluorescent
signs.
– Neon tubes give a red colour.
– Argon give a blue colour
How much do you Know???
True (Thumbs Up) or False (Thumbs Down)
1. The early atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide
and methane.
2. As the Earth cooled, water evaporated.
3. The Earth’s oxygen was produced by
Photosynthesis.
4. Carbon dioxide became locked up in fossil fuels
and sedimentary rock.
5. Our atmosphere today contains approximately
20% oxygen.
6. The noble gases are in Group 0.
7. The noble gases are found on the far left of the
Periodic table.
8. Helium is used in balloons because it is
flammable.
9. Noble gases are used in filament lights and
electric discharge tubes.
Atmosphere
Revision
For 200 million years, the proportions of
different gases in the atmosphere have been
much the same as they are today. The
atmosphere contains…
A
B
C
about
about
about
- 20% nitrogen
- 80% oxygen
- small proportions
of various other
gases, including
carbon
dioxide, water
vapour and noble
gases
- 80% nitrogen
- 20% oxygen
- no carbon
dioxide, water
vapour and noble
gases
- 80% nitrogen
- 20% oxygen
- small proportions
of various other
gases, including
carbon
dioxide, water
vapour and noble
gases
Foundation Question
Match the names A, B, C and D to the numbers
1 to 4 in the sentences.
A
B
C
D
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
oxygen
water vapour
When the air is dry about 80% of the Earth’s
atmosphere is
1
. The other 20% is
mostly
2
with small proportions of the
noble gases and
3
. At other times the
atmosphere also contains
4
.
(4 marks)
C
The noble gases are in which
group in the periodic table.
B
A
Group 0
Group 1
Group 2
C
The noble gases are all…
B
A
Chemically
unreactive
gases
Chemically
reactive
gases
Chemically
unreactive
solids
The noble gases
are used …
B
A
in oil burning
lamps and
electric
discharge tubes.
in filament
lamps and
electric
discharge tubes.
C
in filament
lamps and
electric
dischange
tubes.
C
The noble gases, helium is …
B
A
much more
dense than
oxygen and is
used in
balloons.
much more
dense than air
and is
used in
balloons.
much less
dense than air
and is
used in
balloons.
What produced the oxygen that
is now in the atmosphere?
A - Animals
B - Plants
C - Rocks
Foundation Question
Match the words A, B, C and D to the numbers
1–4 in the sentences.
A
B
C
D
ammonia
carbon dioxide
oxygen
water vapour
After the first 1000 million years of the Earth’s
existence, the atmosphere was mostly
1
.
There would also have been some
2
, most
of which condensed to form the oceans, plus
small proportions of methane and
3
. Like
the atmospheres of Mars and Venus today, there
would have been little or no
4
.
(4 marks)
Higher Question
13 The Earth has existed for about 4500 million years. During this time the
proportions of the different gases in the atmosphere has changed. Evidence
from rocks and other sources is used by scientists to try to understand these
changes.
13.1
Oxygen in the atmosphere has been produced:
A by animals through the process of photosynthesis.
B by animals through the process of respiration.
C by plants through the process of photosynthesis.
D by plants through the process of respiration.
13.2
Most of the carbon from the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
gradually became locked up:
A in igneous rocks as carbonates and in fossil fuels.
B in igneous rocks as crystals of silicates and other minerals.
C in sedimentary rocks as carbonates and in fossil fuels.
D in sedimentary rocks as crystals of silicates and other minerals.
13.3
A
B
C
D
During the twentieth century, the proportion of
carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere increased.
Most scientists believe that this increase was
caused by an increase in:
the burning of fossil fuels.
the activity of microorganisms.
the photosynthesis of plants.
the respiration of plants and animals.
13.4
A
B
C
D
Most scientists believe that there is a link between
increased levels of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere and increased global warming and that
this link is:
associated.
causal.
chance.
random.
(4 marks)
Questions
1. Explain how argon allows you to use an electric
light bulb for many hours. (2)
Because there is a vacuum inside the lamp, metal atoms
evaporate from the super hot tungsten filament. To
reduce this evaporation and prolong the life of the
filament, the bulb is filled with an unreactive gas which
can not react with the hot tungsten filament.
2. Explain how neon is used for advertising.(2)
The noble gases produce a coloured glow when their
atoms are bombarded by a stream of electrons. The
electrons come from either a high voltage discharge
across the terminals of a discharge tube.
Neon tubes give a red colour and argon give a blue colour.