Transcript Atoms, Molecules and Ions

PowerPoint Lecture Presentation
by Myung-Hoon Kim, GPC
Introductory Overview
Copyright © Myung-Hoon Kim
PowerPoint Lecture Presentation
by Myung-Hoon Kim, GPC
Why Carbon was Chosen for
Organisms by Mother Nature?
Copyright © Myung-Hoon Kim
Characteristics of Living Organism (“Life”):
(1) Organization: ordered
(2) Exchange matter and energy with surroundings
(environments)
- consume matter & energy to maintain (&
move)
(3) Response to stimuli
(4) Reproduction
(5) Evolution: Undergo change to adapt to new
environments which is changing all the time.
Brief history of Life on Earth: time before present (BP)
4.6G BP, Earth formed (CO2, CO, CH4, NH3, OH2, H2)
4.3~3.8G BP, Age of Bombardment, Chemical Evolution
3.8G BP, First Prokaryote (Archeo-Bacteria ?)
3.5G BP, Blue-green Algae, (O2 ~ 0.2%)
3.2G BP, Bacteria O2 from Photosynthesis, but used up
2.1G BP, First Eukaryotes, O2 started to buildup
1.5G BP, Multicellular organism (O2 ~ 3%)
800-550M BP, Cryogenic Era (-40oC)
544M BP, Large, complex organisms (Cambrian Period starts: Explosion)
505M BP, Fish
480M BP, Land plants
400M BP, Insects
380M BP, Amphibians
330M BP, Reptiles, Birds
220M BP, Mammals
40M BP, Primates
5M BP, Hominids
2M BP, Homo
Brief history of mammals on Earth:
544M BP, Large, complex organisms (Cambrian Period starts)
505M BP, Fish
480M BP, Land plants
400M BP, Insects
380M BP, Amphibians
330M BP, Reptiles, Birds
220M BP, Mammals
(Other Classes: Reptila, Amphibia)
50M BP, Primates
(Other Orders: Carnivora, Insectivora)
5M BP, Hominids
(Other Families: Lemur, Monkeys)
2M BP, Genus Homo diverged from Australopithecines
(Homo Hablis started to use Stone Tool)
.25M BP, Homo Sapiens evolved replacing H. Erectus & H. Neanderthalensis
(in Asia)
(in Europe)
0.05M BP, culture develop more rapidly
0.01M BP, Neolithic Age (Domestication of Animals, Plants), First Town
0.005 M BP, History started
Brief History of Sciemce/Chemistry
Natural Historyof Human
BP
220M
: Mammals
(65M
: KT Mass Extinction)
50M
: Primates (65M)
2,000,000 : Home species diverged from A.
250,000 : Homo Sapience – Stone Tool.
80,000 : Fire (Cooking)
10,000 : Farming, Neolithic Age
7,000 : Copper
6,000 : Wine
5,000 : Bronze
3,300 : Iron
2,400: Atomic Theory(Democritus)
2,000: (Alchemy)
500: Metallurgy (Bauer),
Alchemy (Paracelsus )
400: Modern Chemistry:
~100: (Robert Boyle, Priestley
Lavoisier, Proust, Dalton …)
- Greeks were the first to attempt to
explain why chemical changes occur:
Thales(634-546 BC), “Water”
Heraclitus (535-475): “Recycle”
Empedocles (490-430):
“Water, Earth, Air, & Fire”
Democritus(455-370): “Atom”
- Alchemy dominated for 2000 years.
 Several elements discovered.
 Mineral acids prepared.
-Modern Science
Bacon(1561-26), Descartes(1596-50)
Newton(1642-27)
- Robert Boyle (1627-91): the first
“chemist” - Performed quantitative
experiments.
- Dalton (1766-44), Darwin(1809-82)
6
Why Carbon has been chosen by Mother Nature?
(1)One of the most Abundant elements cosmically, #5 in mass %:
H
He
O
N
C
Fe Ne Si Mg S
90.8
9.10 0.05 0.04 0.03
0.03
(%)
How?
(2)Its location in the PT (4th Group, 2nd Period) gives it a moderate
electronegativity of 2.5.
- forms good Covalent Bond (rather than ionic bond) with others.
(3)One of few nonmetals that can form Four covalent bond per atom.
This provides it with many different way of combining with other
carbon atoms (and atoms of other elements). Branched bonds can
be formed to different directions
7
BP
Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Alkali Metal
Alkali Earth Metal
Period
2.4
Terrestrial & Cosmic Abundance of Element
Elements
Planet Earth:
3.14(12,800km) = 40,200km
3.14(8,000mi) = 25,000mi
25,000mi/(70mi/hr) = 360hrs = 15days
25,000mi/(600mi/hr) = 42hrs ~ 2days
Atmosphere : ~ 1% of the Diameter
“Earth is a tiny fragile spaceship in a vast universe.”
Earth
Planet Earth
•
Lithosphere:
Crust: < 1% (Thin)
Everest: 8.85 km
Mantle, Core
•Hydrosphere:
(oceans) 3.8 km
Mariana Trench (11mi)
~ 0.2 %
• Atmosphere: ~1%:
30 km (99% of air)
extends to 120 km
• Biosphere:
World of
Living Organisms
Composition
Composition of Earth
Elements in Air (Atmosphere): N 78%, O 21%
Human Body : H2O 65%
2.4
Natural Abundance
Elements in Earth’s crust (Lithosphere)
Elements in Air (Atmosphere): N 78%, O 21%
Elements in Human Body (Biosphere): H2O 65%
2.4
2.2
2.7
• Molecular compounds
• nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
• common names
• H2O, NH3, CH4, C60
• element further left in periodic table
is 1st
• element closest to bottom of group is
1st
• if more than one compound can be
formed from the same elements, use
prefixes to indicate number of each
kind of atom
• last element ends in ide
2.7
Then why not?
•
•
•
•
September: 7th month
October : 8th
November: 9th
December: 10th
2.7