Transcript Mountain Building

Mountain Building
Chapter 11
February 28, 2011
Announcements
• Vocabulary for Chapters 9 and 11 is due on
TODAY!
• TEST next Tuesday!
Exploratory Lab
•Get into groups of 2
or 3
•Not 1, not 4… 2 or 3
Deformation Lab
Write your prediction in the appropriate boxes:
1. Predict what will happen when you stretch out
a rubber band. What will happen when you let
it relax?
2. Predict what will happen when you pull on cold
plastic putty.
3. Predict what will happen when you pull on
warm plastic putty.
4. Predict what will happen when you bend the
ends of a popsicle stick together.
Objectives 2/28/11
• I will be able to… DESCRIBE THE FACTORS
AFFECTING ROCK DEFORMATION
• I will be able to… DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
THE TYPES OF STRESS CAUSING ROCK
DEFORMATION
Key Points
• Deformation occurs when there is a change in the size
and/or shape of a rock body
• Deformation is caused by movements of tectonic
plates and interactions at plate boundaries
– Types of deformation: ductile. elastic and brittle
• Stress is the force per unit area that is acting on a solid
– Types of stress: compressional, tensional, shear
• Strain is the change in shape of a rock as a result of
stress
Rock Deformation
• Rocks are strong- but no matter how strong,
there is a point when rocks will bend or break
• Deformation refers to all _________________
_____________________________________
_ __________________ of a rock body
• Most deformation occurs along
______________ margins
Rock Deformation
• Deformation is the result of _________
• Stress is the _________________________
that is acting on a solid
• When a rock is put under more stress than it
can handle it will deform- usually by
______________, flowing, or _____________
Rock Deformation
• ____________________________ that is
caused by stress on rocks is called __________
• Factors influencing the strength of a rock and
how it will deform:
- Temperature
- Confining pressure
- Rock types
- Time
Types of Deformation
• _________________deformation: rocks return to
their _______________________________ when
the force is removed
– Stress is applied gradually
• _________________deformation: rocks split and
__________________
– Temperatures and confining pressures are low
• ________________ deformation: rocks
___________________ their shape and size
_____________________________
– Temperatures and confining pressures are high
Factors Affecting Deformation
• Temperature and Pressure
– _______________ temperatures and pressure
______________the likelihood the rock will show
_________________deformation
• Rock Type
– Rocks with ____________________ usually show
________________deformation
– Sedimentary and foliated metamorphic rocks are more
likely to show ductile deformation
• Time
– Forces that might not deform a rock at first can cause a
rock to show ductile deformation if applied over a
_____________________________________________
Types of Stress
1. ______________- ______apart
2. ______________- __________together
3. ______________- top and bottom are
pushed in ____________directions
Examples of Stress
• Brainstorm examples of the different types of
stress from life:
Tensional
Compressional
Shear
Check-in
1. Define deformation:
2. What are the 3 types of rock deformation?
3. What type of deformation involves rocks returning to
their original shape and size after stress is removed?
4. What type of deformation involves rocks
permanently changing shape without fracturing?
5. What are the three types of stress?
OBJECTIVES 3/1
• I will be able to… CLASSIFY THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF MOUNTAINS
_____________________________________
_
• I will be able to… GIVE ___________________
______________________ OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF MOUNTAINS
Key Points
• Anticlines, synclines, monoclines, faults, and joints
are land features created as a result of ___________
and ___________________
• The set of processes that produce mountains is
called ___________________
• Mountains are classified by
__________________
• The major types of mountains include:
– ___________ mountains (result of _______________
_____________________)
– _________________mountains (result of _________
___________________)
– __________________________
– ________________________mountains (result of the
build up of volcanic materials)
Folds
• During mountain building, rock layers are often
bent into a series of “ripples” called ___________
• Types
1. Anticlines: ____________________ of rock layers
2. Synclines: _____________________in rock layers
3. Monoclines: __________________________________
in otherwise horizontal sedimentary rock layers
Folds
Monoclines
Faults
• ____________are fractures in the crust along
which __________________has taken place
• The surface above the fault is called the
_______________________
• The surface below the fault is called the
_______________________
Faults
• The major types of
faults are
1. _______________
faults
2. _______________
faults
3. Reverse faults
4. Normal faults
Faults
1. Normal Faults
-
Occurs where the _________________________
________________________________________
Caused by _______________________________
2. Reverse Faults
-
-
Occurs where the _________________________
________________________________________
Caused by _______________________________
Faults
3. Thrust faults
- Occurs where the _____________________________
_____________________________________________
- Allow ______________________________________ of
younger layers
4. Strike-slip faults
- Occurs where the movement is mostly ____________ and
_________________to the trend of the fault surface
Joints
• _____________________ along which
______________________ (detectable)
________________________has occurred
Joints
Mountains
• Why do all of these mountains look different
• Because different processes are responsible for
their formation
• The collection of processes that produce
mountains is called ________________________
• Mountains are classified based on the
________________________________________
________________________________________
Mountain Types
Folded
Domes and Basins
Fault-block
Volcanic
Folded Mountains
• Formed primarily by ________________
• Major force that causes formation is
______________________
• Examples: _____________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
__
Fault-Block Mountains
•
•
•
•
Large-scale __________________________
______________force
____________________________________
Horsts are uplifted structures bordered on either side by sunken
in valleys called grabens
• Examples: ________________________________________
________________________________________________
Domes and Basins
• When _________________produces a
___________________or elongated structure,
the feature is called a __________________.
– _________________________ are circular or
elongated structures formed by uplifting of the
underlying basement rock.
– The Black Hills in SD are an example
Volcanic Mountains
• Formed when one plate ________________
under another, _________, and __________
rises to the surface
• Examples: _____________________________
_____________________________________
_
Objectives 3/2
• I will be able to… DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF MOUNTAINS THAT FORM AT
DIFFERENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
• I will be able to… ANALYZE THE TYPES OF
MOUNTAINS CREATED BY THE DIFFERENT
PLATE BOUNDARIES
Key Points
• Different plate _______________________produce different
types of ____________________because of how the lithosphere
behaves
• ____________________are associated with _______________
and _______________mountains
• ______________________are associated with
__________________ mountains
• Non-boundary mountains- formed from ____________________
• Fragments of crustal material can collide with continental plates
and become wedged on in a process called _________________
Plate boundaries
Answer these questions before we continue on your
check-in sheet
6. What are the three types of plate boundaries?
7. Of those three, which does not result in the
destruction or formation of new lithosphere?
8. One of the three types of boundaries has 3
subtypes- what are those subtypes?
9. What are the three types of stress? Which is
associated with each type of plate boundary?
Mountains at Convergent Boundaries
• __________________mountain building
occurs at convergent plate boundaries
• ____________________forces from the
colliding plates cause rock to _________,
____________, and _____________________
• _____types of convergent boundaries
- ______________ - _______________
- ___________________
Mountains at Convergent Boundaries
• Ocean-Ocean Convergence
– Produces mainly ___________________________
– One oceanic plate ______________under another
– Examples: ________________________________
_________________________________________
_
Mountains at Convergent Boundaries
• Ocean-Continental Convergence
– Produces mountains in ______, roughly
______________ belts
• In-land: _____________________
• Closer to the sea: _____________________________
that produce _____________mountains
• ______________: a process that occurs when
crustal fragments collide with and stay
connected to continental plates
Mountains at Convergent Boundaries
• Ocean-Continental Convergence (Continued)
• Examples: _________Mountains of
_____________________________
Mountains at Convergent Boundaries
• Continental-Continental Convergence
– Since continental lithosphere is not dense enough
to subduct, ________________________ are
produced at C-C convergent boundaries
– Examples: ____________________formed when
__________collided with the ______________
plate
Mountains at Divergent Boundaries
• Divergent boundaries experience
____________________ stress
• This results in the formation of
______________________mountains
• Examples: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Non-boundary mountains
• Mountains can also be formed places
______________ plate ______________
– _________________can create ______________
______________________when lithosphere
moves over them
• Example: ________________________________
Continental Accretion
• Pieces of crust can collide with and stick to
continental landmasses
• _______________: a process that occurs
when _______________________________
__________________________________ to
continental plates
– ________________of different ______________
____________________ rocks combined with
scraps of ____________ crust
Continental Accretion
• ___________________: crustal fragments
with a geologic history that’s different from
the fragments next to them
– Example: The _______________of the US, ______
• Mountains may result from the
_________________forces that bring
________________________together with
______________________
Mountain Study Guide
• You’re going to make your own mini study guides to organize the
information from today
• Fold your paper in half (“hamburger” style)
• Fold one of those halves in half again
• In the top portion, summarize mountain building at CONVERGENT
boundaries
– Include the 3 types, and an example of each
• In the middle portion, summarize mountain building at DIVERGENT
boundaries
– Include examples
• In the bottom portion, summarize mountain building at hot spots
– Include an example
On the back
- In the top portion, summarize the three types of deformation and the
three types of stress
- In the middle portion, summarize folded and fault-block mountains
- In the bottom portion, summarize domes and basins, and volcanic
mountains