Transcript Revision of Unit A3 Hazards - the InterHigh IGCSE Geography

Revision of Unit A3 Hazards
Part 1
The next 4 weeks: Hazards
• Key idea 1: Some places are more
hazardous than others.
• Key idea 2: Hazards have an impact on
people and the environment.
• Key idea 3: Different levels of economic
development affect how people cope with
hazards.
2
Hazards Week 1:
• Key idea 1: Some places are more hazardous than
others
 Essential content
 Different types of hazard (climatic, tectonic, etc).
 The global distributions, causes and characteristics of
tropical revolving storms, volcanic and earthquake
activity (plate movements).
 Measuring and recording weather conditions, eg
strong winds, intense rainfall.
 Mapping the global distribution of recent hazards.
 Collecting and recording weather data (fieldwork
opportunity).
3
Hazards Week 2:
• Key idea 2: Hazards have an impact on people and
the environment.
 Essential content
 Identifying the scale of natural disasters and their
short-term (deaths, injuries, damage to buildings and
infrastructure) and long term (homelessness, costs of
repairing damage) impacts.
 Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk
from hazard events.
 Research into a recent hazard event (egg satellite
images, damage photographs).
 A comparative study of the impacts of tropical
storms, in an LIC and an HIC.
4
Hazards Week 3/4:
• Key idea 3: Different levels of economic
development affect how people cope with
hazards.
 Essential content
 Managing hazards (tropical storms, volcanic eruptions
and earthquakes) involves taking actions both before
and after the event.
 Predicting and preparing for hazards (education, early
warning systems, shelters).
 Responding to hazards: short-term (emergency aid and
disaster relief); long-term (risk assessment,
adjustment, improving prediction).
 Surveying peoples’ views on the management of a
hazard event
 Case studies of the management of one tropical storm
and one tectonic event. One of these should have
happened in an LIC and the other in an HIC.
5
So this week Key Idea 1
Some places are more
hazardous than others
Different types of hazard (climatic,
tectonic, etc).
• A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will
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•
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•
•
have a negative effect on people or the environment.
Many natural hazards are interrelated, e.g. earthquakes can cause
tsunamis and drought can lead directly to famine.
If this threat becomes a serious reality then it becomes a disaster.
If you live on the edge of a tectonic plate, then earthquakes are a
hazard.
A natural hazard becomes a natural disaster when it affects people,
officially causing more than 10 deaths, injuring more than 100
people, and/or causing US$16 million of damage.
So the San Francisco earthquake was a disaster because:
 US$400 million ($9.5 billion in 2009 dollars).
 Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fire
 Over 3000 died from the earthquake and the fire that followed as a
result of gas leaks etc
 About 300,000 of the 410,000 population were made homeless
 Injury figures have not been established
7
Different types of hazard (climatic,
tectonic, etc).
• Natural hazards include:









Avalanche
Landslide and mudflows
Volcanic eruptions
Lahar
Flood
Tsunami
Tropical storms
Tornados
Wildfire
8
The global distributions, causes and
characteristics of tropical revolving storms
• They are known under 3 names:
 They are hurricanes of the United States and the Caribbean
 They are tropical cyclones on the India Ocean
 They are Typhoons in the Pacific
• They have wind speeds of at least 120km/hr
• They only usually occur within a band from 20 Deg North
•
•
to 20 Deg South of the equator.
They do not happen at all times of the year but are most
common between mid summer and autumn.
So for the Southern Hemisphere this is between
December and April while in the Northern Hemisphere, it
is between June and October.
Those storms whose wind speed do not reach these
higher limits but have wind speeds reaching 60 km/hr are
usually called tropical storms.
9
Here is a map showing where they form
and where they travel to
10
The causes and characteristics of tropical
revolving storms
• They form over warm sea which has a
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•
•
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temperature of at least 26 deg C
The warm sea evaporates and warms the air
above it.
The warm moist air rises, causing low pressure.
As this warm air rises, it cools and the water
vapour condenses into huge tall cumulous clouds
The trade winds swirl in and towards the low
pressure to replace the rising air.
This air then become warm and moist and rises
upwards.
The swirling air around the centre of the storm
pulls the warm, damp, rising air outwards.
11
The causes and characteristics of tropical
revolving storms
• This makes the whole storm spin at increasing speed.
• Thus the ‘eye of the storm’ is a low pressure centre down
which cold, dense air from above air from above drops
and adds to the warm moist spinning air that is rising up.
• It continues to build in size and speed, getting all its
energy from the warm water below.
• The force of the spinning storm pushes down on the sea
below it so that a wave forms a rim around the storm.
• As the swirling storm picks up speed, it begins to move in
a westerly direction away from the equator (so that is
NW in the Northern Hemisphere).
12
The characteristics of tropical storms
• If it approaches landfall, the wind will begin to pick up
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and the dark thunder clouds can be seen approaching.
On the coast, the first real sign might well be a tidal
surge, a big wave up to 7 metres high, caused by the
downward pressure of the storm on the sea, made higher
in front, like the bow wave on a ship, as the storm moves
forward.
The very high winds and torrential rain will follow.
At some point, the wind may drop and rain lessen, if the
eye of the storm passes over.
But the wind and rain will soon pick up again.
However once the storm has blown onto the land it will
soon loose speed and ferocity, as its source of energy,
the warm water, is no longer there to feed the storm.
If this is too wordy for you, go and look at the animation on http://ih-igcsegeography.wikispaces.com/3.2+Characteristics%2C+distribution+and+caus
es+of+tropical+storms
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Category Wind Speed
Effects
1
120 - 153
km/hr
Storm surge: 1.2 – 1.5m
Some flooding but no structural
damage
2
155 - 180
km/hr
Storm surge: 1.8 – 2.4m
Trees down and some loose tiles
180 – 210
km/hr
Storm surge: 2.7-3.7m
Structural damage to houses –severe
flooding
210 – 250
km/hr
Storm surge: 4-5.5m
Severe flooding inland – roofs ripped
off major structural damage
>250 km/hr
Storm surge: >5.5m
Severe flooding inland – severe
damage to most structures
3
4
5
14
The global distributions, causes and
characteristics volcanic and earthquake
activity (plate movements).
• The earth’s structure consists of:
 A core
 A mantle
 A crust
• The crust is broken into a number of pieces
•
•
called plates.
The plates are moved by the viscous up-acrossdown, convection current movement of the
mantle.
It is mostly due to these movements that
earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the plate
edges.
15
The global distributions and causes
volcanic and earthquake activity
• These are the 4 kinds
•
•
of plate movements.
• I have deliberately
grouped them in 2 pairs.
• How the pair on the left
different from those on
the right?
• On drawing subduction
is taking place – which
one and what does it
mean?
There are heavy dense oceanic plates and lighter
continental plates.
What kind of plates are in each of these plate
movements?
16
The global distributions and causes
volcanic and earthquake activity
Can you give me examples
of where each type of plate
is found?
17
The global distributions and causes
volcanic and earthquake activity
Can you
see the link
between
the plate
edge and
the type of
activity that
takes place
along it?
Green = major plates – there are lots of small ones that do not show
Yellow = earthquakes
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Red = Volcanoes
The causes and characteristics of
earthquake activity
• Earthquakes occur mainly on
plate boundaries that are
moving towards, past or away
from each other
• Over many years pressure
builds up until eventually the
rocks snap along a weak area
called the FAULT LINE
• The point of origin of an
earthquake is the FOCUS – this
is the point where it starts
from
• The place at the surface
directly above the focus is
called the EPICENTRE
What sort of
margin is this?
19
• The stored energy is released, travelling
outwards in SEISMIC WAVES
• Seismic Waves are strongest at the epicentre
of an earthquake – this is where the most
damage is caused
• Seismic Waves spread out from the focus like
ripples
• *AS SEISMIC WAVES TRAVEL OUTWARDS
THEY LOSE ENERGY*
The closer to
the surface the
focus of the
earthquake is
and the softer
the rocks, the
higher the
magnitude of
the seismic
waves and the
greater the
damage
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The causes and characteristics of
earthquake activity
• The magnitude of an earthquake is
measured on the Richter Scale
• An earthquake’s magnitude (the strength)
is measured using a seismograph.
• Each subsequent level is x10 more
powerful than the previous on was.
• The scale is continuous (has no end)
although nothing above 9.2 has not been
recorded on land.
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Measuring Earthquakes – one way
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But the only problem with Richter is …
• That it tells you about the strength of the earthquake
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•
•
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at focus/epicentre and so each earthquake only has 1
value.
But obviously, this tells you nothing about what it is
like further away – is there any damage? How great is
the damage?
So there is another measure of earthquakes, which
when you are looking them up you may come across.
It is called the Modified Mercalli Scale - it is often
measured using Roman Numerals I, II, III, IV etc
Go to the animation where you can get an appreciation
of what an earthquake may feel like as various points
on the scale
http://newigcsenotes.wikispaces.com/3+Hazardous+env
ironments
23
An example
• On September 29 there was an
earthquake under the sea, south of Samoa
and American Samoa had a Richter scale
of 8.0 (or 8.3 depends who you read) the
Richter scale predicts serious damage
across several hundred kilometres.
• But the Mercalli scales for these were
Samoa felt (V) and (IV) at American
Samoa.
• But it was the tsunami that did the
damage. At least 149 people killed in
Samoa, 34 people in American Samoa and
nine people killed and four injured on
Niuatoputapu, Tonga. Widespread damage
to infrastructure at Pago Pago and Samoa.
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The characteristics of earthquake activity
• There are 2 types of waves in an earthquake
• Body waves and surface waves.
• Body waves travel outward in all directions,
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including downward, from the quake's focus -that is, the particular spot where the fault first
began to rupture.
Surface waves, by contrast, are confined to the
upper few hundred miles of the crust.
They travel parallel to the surface, like ripples
on the surface of a pond out from the focus.
They are also slower than body waves.
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The characteristics of earthquake
activity
• Following an earthquake …
• ..the body waves (P-wave) strike first and are the fastest
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•
kind People often report a sound like a train just before
they feel a quake, which is the P-wave moving as an
acoustic wave in the air.
Then the secondary, or S-waves, arrive. A person in a
building perceives the arrival of S-waves as a sudden
powerful jolt, as if a giant has pounded his fist down on
the roof.
Finally, the surface waves strike. In very strong
earthquakes, the up-and-down and back-and-forth
motions caused by surface waves can make the ground
appear to roll like the surface of the ocean, and can
literally topple buildings over.
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The causes of volcanic activity
1.The continental crust
is folded and faulted by
the pressure of the
subduction
2. It warms up and turns into
magma that is trapped under
the crust above it
This is one worth
learning to draw
2. The trapped magma
escapes through the fault
to form a volcano
1.The oceanic crust
subducts under the
continental crust
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• Just to remind you – here are the
plates and …
• Where are the places the volcanoes
occur most commonly?
• Why is that?
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Ring of Fire
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This is one worth
learning to draw
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The characteristics of volcanic activity
• Often earthquakes occurring near a volcano can be one
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of the first warnings of things to come
Lava: it can be thick, viscous (sticky) lava or much more
runny.
The thick lava moves relatively slowly and hardens quickly
to form new rock – and so forms a cone shape a cone
shape. Eruptions tend to be violent.
Eruptions that give out the thin, runny lava tend to be
frequent but relatively gentle and come from a shield
volcano.
Pyroclastic flow: some volcanoes do not give out lava
alone but a mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust.
A pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of a volcano at
very high speeds and with temperatures of over 400° C.
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The characteristics of volcanic activity
• Ash clouds may affect more than the immediate area.
•
•
•
They consist of water vapour, sulphur gas as well as small
rock fragments and tiny pieces of glass.
Many of these will return to earth and add a layer of
dust to a wide area.
However, the gases may be carried a long way by the
wind once they have reached high enough into the
atmosphere. This may be carried all around the world ad
has in the past had a lasting impact on the climate,
lowering the temperature for a year or more. E.g.
Krakatoa in 1883 is the largest volcano eruption in
recorded history for which we have data.
Average global temperatures fell by as much as
1.2 degrees Celsius in the year following the eruption.
Weather patterns continued to be chaotic for years and
temperatures did not return to normal until 1888.
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Finally Lehars
• These can occur at the same time as a volcanic eruption
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•
but may also occur over succeeding years.
Lahars form when water from intense rainfall, melting
snow and ice, or the sudden failure of a natural dam,
mixes with loose volcanic material, creating mudflows
that can be particularly dangerous and destructive.
Although lahars contain a lot of volcanic ash and rock
fragments–making them dense and viscous like wet
concrete–they actually flow faster than clear-water
streams.
These mudflows can rush down the flanks of a volcano at
speeds as great as 65 kilometres per hour and can travel
more than 80 kilometres. Lahars that contain the most
debris move the fastest and are the most destructive.
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VEI = Volcanic Explosivity Index
• This measure the size of the eruption after it is finished.
• However, forecasting an eruption on a scale is rather more
complicated, as each volcano has a slightly different way of behaving
so there are almost as many scales as there are volcanoes! But most
use a variation on the green (no problem), yellow (not much to worry
about), orange (watch this space!) and finally red (move NOW)
warning system.
34
Collecting and recording weather data
• Many of you had a go at a variation on this.
But there is an indication that the way this
could be examined is by them asking you
how you collect weather data.
• Whilst most data is collected
electronically these days, you are still
expected to understand the ideas behind
how these measurements are made, so you
need to know how the basic instruments
work even though you will probably never
use many of them!
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Collecting and recording weather data
• What you need to
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measure:
Temperature including
maximum and minimum
Pressure
Wind speed and
direction
Precipitation
• What pieces of kit
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you need to
understand:
Thermometers various
Stevenson’s screen
Barometer
Anemometer
Weather Vane
Rain gauge
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Collecting and recording weather data
• The thermometer
• Usually consists of a hollow glass bulb
attached to a narrow stem with a threadlike bore. The bulb is filled with either
mercury or alcohol stained red.
• The liquid in the tube expands when the
temperature rises and contracts when the
temperature falls. The amount of
expansion and contraction is measured by
a numbered scale.
• Whilst thermometers are really measuring
their own liquid temperature, they are
used to measure the temperature of the
surrounding air.
• To make sure that the temperature of
the surrounding air is the same as the
thermometer, it must be shaded from
sunlight and be exposed to adequate
ventilation. These conditions are provided
by a Stevenson screen.
Why is it white? Why are
there louvers? Why is it
on legs? Why the large
roof? Met office
Stevenson screens in the
UK have doors facing
north. Why?
37
Collecting and recording weather data
• Wet and dry thermometer
• If the air is dry, any water will evaporate
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quickly.
As water evaporates is removes heat
from its surroundings to give the energy
to change from a liquid to a gas.
One of these thermometers has a supply
of moisture wrapped around its bowl, so
on a dry day, this will evaporate and
reduce the wet thermometer’s
temperature.
The difference in the temperature
between the 2 thermometers can be used
to calculate the % of moisture in the air.
38
• One instrument used to
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Air
measure air pressure is
Pressure
called a barometer.
But a more usual one used in
weather stations is a
barograph.
The motor rotates the drum
containing the paper chart.
The capsules are flexible
metal discs from which nearly
all the air has been extracted.
As the external air pressure
increases, the discs squash
together more, and this
rotates the arm so that the
end with the pen on draws an
upward line on the drum.
39
Collecting and recording weather data
• Wind speed is measured using an
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•
anemometer.
An anemometer is made up of cups
attached to handle with a scale on it.
The stronger the wind the faster the
cups rotate and the higher the reading
on the scale.
• A wind vane is used to measure
•
wind direction.
It is measured using compass
directions (north, south, east or
west) from which the wind has
blown so in this case the wind is
coming from the ENE
40
Collecting and recording
weather data
• The instrument used to
measure rainfall is a rain
gauge.
• Notice that the
precipitation runs into a
funnel and from there into
a bottle.
• The bottle will be
calibrated to measure the
depth of rain falling on a
127mm circle. Notice that
the storage bottle is below
ground. Why might that be?
Why do you think
the distance above
ground of the
gauge top is also
fixed?
41
• Key idea 2: Hazards have an impact on
people and the environment.
 Essential content
 Identifying the scale of natural disasters and
their short-term (deaths, injuries, damage to
buildings and infrastructure) and long term
(homelessness, costs of repairing damage)
impacts.
 Reasons why people continue to live in areas at
risk from hazard events.
 Research into a recent hazard event (e.g.
satellite images, damage photographs).
 A comparative study of the impacts of
tropical storms, in an LIC and an HIC.
42
Short term impacts of natural disasters
Avalanche
Landslide and
mudflows
Tropical storm
Tornado
Are these local or
national or
international?
Is transport
hit?
Are the services damaged –
water electricity etc
Wild fire
Lahar
Tsunami
Volcanic
eruptions
Do they high or medium
or low mortality
associated with them?
Is a lot of farmland/crops
destroyed
Is a lot of farmland/crops
destroyed
Flood
Are there a few or
lots of injuries
Are many home
damaged
Can anyone
think of any
others?
43
Long term impacts of natural disasters
Avalanche
Landslide and
mudflows
Tropical storm
Tornado
Will there be many
long term homeless?
Is transport
hit?
Will the services be able to
be reinstated?
Wild fire
Lahar
Tsunami
Will it cost a lot to put
right?
Volcanic
eruptions
Flood
Will it take a long time
to repair roads
railways and airports
Will there be enough food
being produced or will long
term aid be needed
Will the businesses be able
to restart?
Are many home
damaged
Can anyone
think of any
others?
44
Reasons why people continue to live in areas
at risk from hazard events.
• A natural event (e.g. earthquake, flood, landslide,
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•
•
volcanic eruption, tropical storm) that has the
potential to cause damage, destruction and
death present as a natural hazard. So Hazard is
the potential to cause harm.
Risk on the other hand is the likelihood of harm
(in defined circumstances, and usually qualified
by some statement of the severity of the harm).
How frequently is there a risk? How serious can
it be? Is there anything that can be done to
reduce the risk?
This is a risk assessment.
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Reasons why people continue to live in areas
at risk from hazard events.
• People make decisions on the basis of:
 Physical/ environmental – how often will I be at risk?
The climate is good (warm enough and wet enough),
soil is fertile, the natural resources for fishing,
farming are there to make a good living
 Human/social – the family has always lived there,
there is a community, work, it is a pleasant place to be,
do not have a choice or do not see themselves as
having one, lack of education to do other work. There
are things that can be done to reduce the risk (but
more about that in the next week or 2)
 Economic – work, from farming, tourism maybe,
fishing, it is where property is owned.
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Reasons why people continue to live in areas
Can anyone think of
at risk from hazard events.
any other ideas?
• In particular near volcanoes:
• The soil is excellent. Lava breaks down over time to
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produce the most fertile soil on earth. e.g. around
Vesuvius where much of Italy’s tomato crop is grown.
Along plate edges, geothermal power is often a cheap and
clean source of power – e.g. Iceland
Usually, there are sufficient signs to move to safer
places, so while property could be as risk, increasing
people are less so, e.g. Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines
in 1991 was the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th century
but only 300 died because of mass evacuation of the
area.
Tourism is a strong pull, e.g. in Uganda, a country trying
hard to increase its tourist industry, the volcanic region
around Mt Elgon is being heavily promoted for it's
landscape, huge waterfalls, wildlife, climbing and hiking
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and its remote 'get away from it all' location.
Reasons why people continue to live in areas
at risk from hazard events.
• In particular in earthquake zones:
• Along plate edges, geothermal power is often a
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•
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cheap and clean source of power – e.g. Iceland
Many earthquake areas are close to the coast –
the climate is good, fishing and farming are easy.
Many of these places like Japan get daily
earthquakes and they have learnt to deal with
them. They causes little or no damage as they
adjust building methods for example.
The big ones are very infrequent – 1906 and
1989 in San Francisco, so people believe they can
manage.
Can anyone think of
any other ideas?
48
Reasons why people continue to live in areas
at risk from hazard events.
• In particular areas subject to cyclonic storms:
• These are close to the coast – the climate is
•
•
good, fishing and farming are easy.
Transport links tend to be good and the flat land
near the coast is a good place to build towns and
cities.
With modern technology, there should be enough
time to evacuate areas in danger (although as
with Katrina the right choices are not always
made), so while danger to property and services
are still at risk, the danger to life should be
much reduced.
Can anyone think of
any other ideas?
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Research into a recent hazard event (e.g.
satellite images, damage photographs).
• Those of you who were here last autumn had
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several chances to investigate current recent
hazardous events.
Those of you who were not might like to look at
the Haiti earthquake – there is some good stuff
on the wiki which you could use as a starter, but
do try find some more yourselves. – see list of
links under the PP in the wiki
http://newigcsenotes.wikispaces.com/3+Hazardo
us+environments
50
A comparative study of the impacts of
tropical storms, in an LIC and an HIC.
• For these 2 we did Hurricane Katrina that
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•
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hit New Orleans, USA (HIC)
And Cyclone Sidr, Bangladesh (LIC)
I am not going to go over them – that’s for
you guys for homework
There is plenty of information towards the
bottom of:
http://ih-igcsegeography.wikispaces.com/3.6+Short+term
+%26+long+term+impacts+of+disasters
51
Hazards Week 3/4:
• Key idea 3: Different levels of
economic development affect
how people cope with hazards.
*this is what the syllabus
says but really once you
are dealing with the reality,
it is no longer a hazard but
a disaster
 Essential content
 Managing hazards* (tropical storms, volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes) involves taking actions
both before and after the event.
 Predicting and preparing for hazards* (education,
early warning systems, shelters).
 Responding to hazards*: short-term (emergency aid
and disaster relief); long-term (risk assessment,
adjustment, improving prediction).
 Surveying peoples’ views on the management of a
hazard* event
 Case studies of the management of one tropical
storm and one tectonic event. One of these should
have happened in an LIC and the other in an HIC.
52
Case studies of the management of one
tropical storm and one tectonic event.
One of these should have happened in
an LIC and the other in an HIC.
• For these I have chosen:
• HIC + tropical storm + Hurricane Wilma (which
•
happened a few months after Katrina) and
looking at its effect on Florida – why? – because
everyone had been so critical of how Katrina was
managed that all areas in the US subject to
storms had had a severe wake-up call and had
started reviewing procedure – and Wilma was
responded to in a way more appropriate to an
HIC
LIC + tectonic event - Haiti
53
The what, the where and the
how
Hurricane Wilma
Hurricane Wilma hits
Florida
• When? Monday October 24, 2005
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•
around 5 o'clock in the evening
How bad? Winds of 195km with gusts
up to 215km ( cat 3)
Storm surge – less than expected at
2.4m
55
Impacts
• Death: 6 directly caused by the hurricane due to
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wind-blown debris and another 23 caused during
the response.
Infrastructure damage- several flyover
junctions were severely damages. High rise
offices and flats also received damage too.
Mobile homes, quite popular with retirees were
turned into match wood
3 million + lost power some for a couple of weeks
Water was contaminated and had to be boiled in
many areas for a week or 2
56
Economic impact
• Recall the forces of the
storm was greater in the
LICs than the HICs but
look at the cost?
• Work buildings in Florida mostly were effected too
•
which prevented the people from going to work
which added to the cost.
Also Florida's sugar and citrus industry was hard hit;
the cropping season had already started and had to
be halted indefinitely. Damage to sugarcane crops
was critical and widespread.“
57
The what, the where and the
how
Haiti
• When?
• 12th January
•
•
Haiti Earthquake
2010 at 16.53
(about teatime) local time
It was a 7.0
magnitude
earthquake.
But as we know
this only tells as
the size of the
earthquake not
the damage it
does - see over
59
What can you see from
this?
60
Impacts
•
•
•
•
•
•
217,000–230,000 dead
300,000 injured
1,000,000 homeless
250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial
buildings collapsed or severely damaged
This is a big earthquake, but why were the
number so high? Were they high in fact or is
this reasonable for an earthquake that size?
Let’s see
61
Why did so many people die in Haiti
• Three
Earthquakes
• OK, so the Italian earthquake was much less powerful –
•
less than 1/10 of the Chinese one but …
And what about New Zealand?
62
• A 7.0-magnitude earthquake has struck off New
Zealand's South Island at 4.35 on Saturday morning, 4th
September 2010.
• The epicentre was 55km north-west of Christchurch, at
a depth of 12 km – and no-none was killed! But as you can
see, there is still a fair amount of mess – might not have
been so good a result if it had been when the streets
were busy.
63
But is not just deaths:
• With injury and homelessness, the story is a little
different
• The difference appears to be much more in line with the
quake strength – although Haiti’s injuries appear higher
than expected
64
Managing potential disasters involves taking
actions both before and after the event.
• One of the issues that is part of living in a
hazardous area is to assess the risk and then
decide how to deal with it:
 Carry out risk assessments
 As a result of these assessments, adjust behaviour –
this could be implement training and information,
change building design, change zoning laws, move
settlements – lots of things
 Improve prediction
 Devise a plan of action and the resources to manage
the hazard after the event.
65
Predicting potential disasters
• Predicting some hazards is easier than others:
• Tropical storms take time to build over the
ocean, and satellite observation together with
weather forecasting can estimate the path and
the speed of movement with increasing accuracy.
This technology is readily available to all who
need it, rich and poor alike. There are enough
developed countries in every region who have the
scientists, technology and resources to monitor
whole areas and the LICs have good access to
this information.
66
Predicting potential disasters
• Predicting some hazards is easier than others:
• Predicting volcanic eruptions is becoming increasingly sophisticated.
• There are a number of tools which show when an eruption is
•
•
•
•
•
becoming more likely. But there is no certainty that episodes that do
happen before every eruption, will necessarily imply that an eruption
will occur this time. This means that it is often difficult to persuade
people to evacuate in time.
Warning Signs
Before an eruption, magma moves into the area beneath the volcano
and collects in a magma chamber.
As it comes closer to the surface, the magma releases gases.
The movement of magma produces small earthquakes and vibrations.
Magma gathering in a chamber causes slight swelling of the volcano's
slopes.
Gases released near the volcano can be measured for changes in
quantity and makeup.
• How are these monitored?
67
Predicting potential disasters
• Seismicity: Changes in seismic activity measured by a seismograph
•
•
•
•
always occurs as volcanoes awaken and prepare to erupt.
Electric current: Since magma gives off electric currents, electric
meters are used to spot rising magma levels by measuring its
electric current. Gravimeters can also detect flowing magma.
Temperature change: Scientists also take temperatures and gauge
gas by using a Landsat satellite. The satellite uses infrared sensors
to detect temperatures and changes in volcanoes.
Gas Emissions: increases in sulphur emissions are another predictor
of volcanic activity. There can be monitored by stationary electronic
boxes which can radio linked to the base. .
Ground Deformation: Swelling of the volcano signals that magma
has accumulated near the surface. The tiltmeter is a sensor that
uses a laser beam to find the rising or lowering of magma levels by
measuring changes in ground elevation (angle). GPS (Global
Positioning System) uses satellites plot exact positions and can also
be used to sense bulges occurring.
68
Predicting potential disasters
• Earthquakes are the most difficult to predict:
• Despite considerable research efforts by
•
•
seismologists, scientifically reproducible
predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day
or month.
However, for well-understood faults seismic
hazard assessment maps can estimate the
probability that an earthquake of a given size
will affect a given location over a certain number
of years.
The overall ability to predict earthquakes either
on an individual basis or on a statistical basis
remains remote.
69
Preparing for potential disasters
• Preparing for tropical storms:
• Since prediction is not a major problem, there is every
•
•
•
•
opportunity to prepare for them. In HICs for the most
part, every thing that can be done is. But in LICs, they
have neither the funding nor the personnel to do it all.
Ideally:
Action plans and practices for the police and emergency
services are essential
Evacuation plans are a major element.
For example, since the disaster of Katrina when little or
no public evacuation transport was organised (even
though the yellow school buses rotted in a waterlogged
car park), coach companies have contracts in place should
the need arise again.
70
Preparing for potential disasters
• Preparing for tropical storms:
• Also supplies of water, medical help etc need to be ready
•
•
•
•
to go.
They need to plan where the evacuees should go to.
Families are encouraged to have individual plans, like
emergency boxes with radios, batteries, first aid,
essential documents etc and contact details for friends
and relatives.
Also there are building modification which can make a
house less likely to be damaged and storm proof local
buildings where local housing is inadequate to survive
floodwater and high winds
For examples of this see http://ih-igcsegeography.wikispaces.com/3.8+Managing+hazardous+even
ts+ for efforts made in Bangladesh
71
Preparing for potential disasters
• Preparing for volcanic eruptions:
• Local Plan:
• Using all tools available assess the danger. Be in contact with all emergency
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
services.
Plan where evacuees can go – open schools and community buildings outside
immediate danger area.
Plan for water, food, medical care, bedding and clothing to be available.
Establish who can drive out and who cannot and arrange for the removal of
any unable to transport themselves out of danger, if need be.
Use local radio/TV to inform the population of what is going on.
When evacuation becomes essential, make sure all facilities are open and
have staff and provisions.
Watch the situation to see when the population can safely return home.
Have ready temporary medium term accommodation (tents etc) in case
building damage has been significant .
Have a means of supplying clean water and food if there has been a
breakdown of either of these supplies.
Have a plan ready to help repair/rebuild housing and other essentials, e.g.
schools, water, power etc
72
Preparing for potential disasters
• Preparing for volcanic eruptions:
• Personal Plan:
• If you live close to a volcano, plan carefully. Produce a check list and have a
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
sturdy box to keep valuables.
Have a safe place to go to and have an emergency bag ready to go with you.
Include sufficient water, food and medical equipment supplies, when
travelling and at base location (minimum 72hours). Include a portable radio,
torch and spare batteries, spare clothing and essential documents and cash.
When there is an evacuation notice sent out, do not hang about.
In the run yup there maybe earthquakes associated with the eruption –
carry out the usual drill for earthquakes (see later)
Heavy rain + an eruption can lead to landslides which maybe very hot. Avoid
coming into contact.
During a volcanic eruption, sulphur fumes may make breathing difficult –
have a mask in your kit.
Once things have quietened down, wait to be told to go back – the
volcanologists may know something you don’t.
For a maga list ‘ Grab and Go Bag’ check out
http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/3.8+Managing+hazardous+events+
73
Preparing for potential disasters
• Preparing for earthquakes:
• As the prediction is so poor, there is little
than can be done before hand to prepare
for it.
• So the need for quake-proof buildings and
training as to what you should do, is about
the sum total of preparation.
74
Preparing for potential disasters
• Some small things a homeowner can do NOW before the
quake hits:
 Fasten shelves securely to walls.
 Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves.
 Store breakable items such as bottled foods, glass, and china in
low, closed cabinets with latches.
 Hang heavy items such as pictures and mirrors away from beds,
couches, and anywhere people sit.
 Brace overhead light fixtures.
 Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas connections.
These are potential fire risks.
 Secure a water heater by strapping it to the wall studs and
bolting it to the floor.
 Repair any deep cracks in ceilings or foundations. Get expert
advice if there are signs of structural defects.
 Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products securely
in closed cabinets with latches and on bottom shelves.
75
Preparing for potential disasters
• Teach children how and when to call police,
or fire department and which radio station
to tune to for emergency information.
• Teach all family members how and when to
turn off gas, electricity, and water.
• Importantly, know what to do if the quake
hits – practice often.
76
Preparing for potential disasters
• Know What to Do During an Earthquake
• Stay as safe as possible during an earthquake. Be aware that some
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur.
Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place and if you
are indoors, stay there until the shaking has stopped and you are sure
exiting is safe.
If indoors
DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other
piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there isn’t a
table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch
in an inside corner of the building.
Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that
could fall, such as lighting fixtures or furniture.
Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake strikes. Hold on and
protect your head with a pillow, unless you are under a heavy light fixture
that could fall. In that case, move to the nearest safe place.
Use a doorway for shelter only if it is in close proximity to you and if you
know it is a strongly supported, loadbearing doorway.
Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Research has
shown that most injuries occur when people inside buildings attempt to move
to a different location inside the building or try to leave.
Be aware that the electricity may go out or the sprinkler systems or fire
alarms may turn on.
77
DO NOT use the lifts.
Preparing for potential disasters
• Know What to Do During an Earthquake
• If outdoors
• Stay there.
• Move away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires.
• Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops. The greatest danger
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
exists directly outside buildings, at exits and alongside exterior walls. Many
of the 120 fatalities from the 1933 Long Beach earthquake occurred when
people ran outside of buildings only to be killed by falling debris from
collapsing walls. Ground movement during an earthquake is seldom the direct
cause of death or injury. Most earthquake-related casualties result from
collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects.
If in a moving vehicle
Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping near
or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires.
Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges, or
ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake.
If trapped under debris
Do not light a match.
Do not move about or kick up dust.
Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.
Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you. Use a whistle if one is
available. Shout only as a last resort. Shouting can cause you to inhale
dangerous amounts of dust.
78
Preparing for potential disasters
• Know What to Do After an Earthquake
• Expect aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are usually less
•
•
•
•
•
•
violent than the main quake but can be strong enough to do
additional damage to weakened structures and can occur in the first
hours, days, weeks, or even months after the quake.
Listen to a battery-operated radio or television. Listen for the
latest emergency information.
Use the telephone only for emergency calls.
Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that can fall off
shelves.
Stay away from damaged areas. Stay away unless your assistance
has been specifically requested by police, fire, or relief
organizations. Return home only when authorities say it is safe.
Be aware of possible tsunamis if you live in coastal areas. These are
also known as seismic sea waves (mistakenly called "tidal waves").
When local authorities issue a tsunami warning, assume that a series
of dangerous waves is on the way. Stay away from the beach.
Help injured or trapped persons. Remember to help your neighbors
who may require special assistance such as infants, the elderly, and
people with disabilities. Give first aid where appropriate. Do not
move seriously injured persons unless they are in immediate danger
79
of further injury. Call for help
Preparing for potential disasters
• Know What to Do After an Earthquake
• Clean up spilled medicines, bleaches, gasoline or other flammable
liquids immediately. Leave the area if you smell gas or fumes from
other chemicals.
• Inspect the entire length of chimneys for damage. Unnoticed
damage could lead to a fire.
• Inspect utilities.
 Check for gas leaks. If you smell gas or hear blowing or hissing noise,
open a window and quickly leave the building. Turn off the gas at the
outside main valve if you can and call the gas company from a neighbor's
home. If you turn off the gas for any reason, it must be turned back on
by a professional.
 Look for electrical system damage. If you see sparks or broken or
frayed wires, or if you smell hot insulation, turn off the electricity at
the main fuse box or circuit breaker. If you have to step in water to get
to the fuse box or circuit breaker, call an electrician first for advice.
 Check for sewage and water lines damage. If you suspect sewage lines
are damaged, avoid using the toilets and call a plumber. If water pipes
are damaged, contact the water company and avoid using water from the
tap. You can obtain safe water by melting ice cubes.
80
Preparing for potential disasters
• You may have noticed that many of the personal
•
•
•
•
•
•
instructions are for people who live in HICs.
It is authorities in these countries that have the time
and money to publish the guidance.
There appears to be an assumption that money will be
available for essentials, even if they are expensive.
Also that the necessary materials will be there somehow.
But once you consider MICs or LICs, the money and
materials will not be there for a quick fix – think about
the Pakistani floods, where people are still waiting, after
many days, for basic food supplies and clean water.
This is because emergency aid is usually only available
from the International community and it takes time to
gather the materials and personnel and set up a working
system.
These poorer countries, and even those who are well on
the way to being developed, do not have the backup to
cover disasters – although some like Bangladesh do their
81
best.
Preparing for Wilma
• Friday October 21st: There was close
monitoring of the hurricane as it tracked
across Cuba and then stalled over the
Yucatan Peninsular in Mexico
• ETA was either later Sunday or
sometime on Monday
• County Emergency Management Committee up and running
throughout Florida
• Saturday October 22nd : Mandatory evacuations were order for the
southern tip – Florida Keys, and also from other low-lying areas and
for those living in mobile home, and, while people were encouraged
to go North, if they wanted there was an evacuation centre
available at the University and in 2 other centres.
• The tolls on the Interstate Highways were openned to relieve
traffic jams.
• Schools and government offices were close for the Monday.
82
Preparing for Wilma
• By Sunday October 23rd about 50+
refuges were open and manned
• By Monday morning October 24th this
had risen to 123 refuges with 33,189
evacuees with 2,177 Special Needs
evacuees .
• The number of hotel rooms available
outside the areas of immediate danger
are monitored and updated regularly
• 380,000 people were already without power as the wind
picked up
• Conference calls with counties were to be conducted at
1115 hrs and 1715 hrs daily.
• The National guard were out in Munroe, Collier, Dade
and Broward.
• Curfews were in place Munroe and Lee.
83
Preparing for the worst in Haiti
• Basically they had not done anything. The last 2 major
•
•
•
•
earthquakes were 1860 and 1770. The building
regulations were non-existent and most people lived in
shanties that were not really legal anyway.
There was no practices, no plans for disaster
management, no back-up supplies.
Besides which, they were still reeling from Hurricanes
Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike in 2008 in which Haiti
suffered over 1000 deaths, 593 injured and 23,000
homes destroyed and more 85,000 damaged. About
800,000 people were affected--8% of Haiti's total
population.
The flood wiped out 70% of Haiti's crops, resulting in
dozens of deaths of children due to malnutrition in the
months following the storms. Damage was estimated at
over $1 billion, which amounted to over 5% of GDP.
But when you examine what Haiti was like before all this,
it is hardly surprising.
84
Haitian vital statistics
• Ranks 149th of 182 countries on the Human Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Index.
80% of the population lives on less than $2 a day.
An estimated 2.4 million people are food insecure.
Highest malnutrition rate in the region—more than 20%
of children are chronically malnourished.
One-third of all babies are born underweight.
Western hemisphere’s highest maternal and infant
mortality rates; the highest HIV/AIDS rates outside
sub-Saharan Africa.
Consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in
the world.
60% of energy needs are met through use of charcoal,
contributing to 98 percent deforestation.
85
Immediate short term response to
disasters
• With all disasters, the initial response should, at
best, be fairly similar, and grouped around:
 What does our well rehearsed plan say?
 Who, what and where are the most immediate needs
to save life?
 What materials, resources and personnel are needed
where?
 Do we have them readily available and can we reach
those who need it?
 If not ask for help as soon as you know you do not
have the resources to do it yourself.
 What resources are needed to sustain life? Food,
water, housing, etc?
 Assess immediate needs for repair and put in place
road and water repairs, communication networks etc.
86
Immediate short term response to
disasters
• The answer to these questions will vary from HIC to LIC.
• For example, emergency housing could be plastic sheets in an LIC
but this would be totally unacceptable in an HIC – after Katrina for
example many thousands were provided with mobile homes – some
still live in them!
• After Wilma, there were comments that water still had to be boiled
10 days later - how dreadful! In Haiti, water is still delivered in
tankers months later.
• The availability of helicopters for examples will vary greatly from
place to place – vital if you are to deliver essential supplies when the
roads have been destroyed.
• Often for LICs, these essentials take days to be shipped in by
foreign donor governments, the UN and NGOs – and in some cases,
the money to fund the supplies has to wait for appeals to be put out
in HICs and the money to be given, to fund the purchase- the
Pakistani monsoon floods in August 2010
87
Wilma – short term response
• Tuesday Morning
• The RED areas were under
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
local emergency powers.
The number of shelters and
evacuees had not changed much
Boil water notices have been
issued for several areas
3,149,479 residents without
power
State of Emergency has been declared
Roads, phones and buildings are being inspected
prior to debris clearance and repair beginning
1855 Trucks with Water and 250 trucks of ice are
being sent out, together with 2 Trucks Shelf Stable
Meals (remember Katrina – 4 days wasn’t it?)
9 Power generators had arrived
8,320 tarps were on order – temporary repairs for
people homes
Make a note of the trucks
88
Wilma – short term response
• By Friday(28th ) Morning
• Food, Water and Ice:
553 Trucks shipped to
Distribution today:
• Water: 168 Trucks
• Ice: 300 Trucks
• Food: 85 Trucks
Points of
• General Shelters: 22, Population: 2,422
•
•
•
•
+
132 special needs
Law Enforcement and Military Support
Florida National Guard: 3,445
Law Enforcement Officers: 960
Boiled water for Brevard, Broward, Charlotte, Collier,
Glades/Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin,
Miami-Dade, Monroe, Okeechobee, Osceola County, Palm
Beach.
How have things changed?
89
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wilma – short term response
By Friday November 4th
Trucks:
Water: 18 Trucks
Ice: 3 Trucks
Food: 4 Trucks
Tarps: 2 Truck (making 58
altogether)
• Food stamp distribution points where anyone who had
•
•
suffered loss of home/job could claim without the usual
paperwork
Shops mostly open again.
But boiled water notices still in place but far fewer
without power.
How have things changed?
90
Haiti – short term disaster response
"Normally the response moves
from search and rescue and
medical needs, to helping those
who have lost homes with shelter,
to water sanitation and food. Then
comes more longer-term recovery
programmes, like re-building
homes and offering families microloans."
Easing the gridlock at the airport
which has blocking aid getting to
the victims was now a priority. The
Americans sent in army personnel
and their equipment. Their
outgoing priority was to get their
nationals out quickly
The Red Cross dispatched a
logistics team from the UK to
create another entry point to Haiti,
he said. We need some kind of
trucking system to transfer goods
into Haiti from the [neighbouring]
Dominican Republic
"Port-au-Prince airport is subject to
restrictions on fuel and handling
equipment and the port is badly
damaged.
91
Haiti – short term disaster response
Oxfam said its priority was "always"
water and sanitation.
The charity is preparing to send up
to 10 tonnes of water, sanitation,
health and shelter equipment valued at around £70,000 - from its
Oxford UK warehouse on Saturday
afternoon.
Large parts of the Haitian capital
have been devastated OXFAM
said staff already based in Haiti
had been providing shovels to
clear rubble and search for
trapped victims, and 17
international humanitarian experts
had arrived in Haiti on Friday.
Equipment includes emergency
sheeting for shelter and latrines,
water tubing to create pipes, water
purification chemicals and tablets
and buckets to enable people to
carry and store water.
Kate Akhtar, senior emergency
programme officer for Care
International, agreed that water
and sanitation were "key". It had
600,000 water purification tablets
and enough stocks of high protein
biscuits to feed 60,000 families.
92
Haiti – short term disaster response
ActionAid said aid was "trickling in"
but the situation was "chaotic".
A team of international staff from
ActionAid, including some from the
UK and Brazil, were travelling to
Haiti and should be in the country
by Sunday.
Tearfund was sending a disaster
assessment team to Haiti over the
weekend with a view to helping in
the medium- to long-term, but was
already working with partners on
the ground.
"Urban areas are always difficult,
but there is so much deforestation
in Haiti that it will be difficult to
source items to create shelter."
Communication was also a
problem, with text messaging the
only way to communicate with
their staff, she said.
As well as delivering shelter, food
and sanitary kits for women,
ActionAid would provide psychosocial support, a spokeswoman
said.
93
Haiti – short term disaster response
FOOD: The UN World Food
Programme (WFP) has warned that
while the relief effort in Haiti is
beginning to gain its footing, providing
food for more than two million people
a day represents the most complex
task it has ever faced.
Relief agencies have tried to buy
goods locally, but local markets
affected by the earthquake have
been slow to reopen, and Haiti's
subsistence farms have been unable
to ramp up production. This has
forced the WFP to use nearly all of
its stores of food which do not
require water.
WATER: There is an acute
shortage of drinking water. The
water supply system, which before
the disaster only provided 40% of
the population of Port-au-Prince
with clean water, has effectively
collapsed .
Aid agencies are shipping in
bottled water and water purification
tablets. But many people, have
complained that they have received
little, if any, of either.
94
Long term response to disasters
• This involves 2 phases:
• 1. Completing any restorative work that
cannot be done in the short-medium term,
for example major reconstruction like
road/rail reconstruction and helping to reestablish agriculture and other production.
• 2. Planning for the future: risk
assessment, adjustment, improving
prediction.
95
One of the reasons why Florida (and
incidentally New Zealand more recently) go
off so lightly is …
• They had changed their
•
planning laws.
Building have to be built to
withstand locally expected
disasters.
These homes’ concrete wall
system starts with a steelreinforcing cage consisting of a
15cm square steel mesh and
vertical steel bars placed at 1.2m
inches on-centre.
When finished they look like this
96
Wilma – examples of Forward planning
• August 6, 2010
• Five years later, the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma and other
storms continues to drive forward city actions to prevent some
of the power issues that followed that storm. At its July 22
meeting, the Coconut Creek City Commission approved a
$464,505 payment to Florida Power and Light for the second of
three phases in a project to place a significant portion of utility
lines in the city underground.
• August 4, 2010
• Parkland city officials have ensured that the city is prepared to
deal with debris it would have to contend with in case of a
hurricane strike. City officials unanimously decided in favour of
having a temporary debris management site (TDMS) within the
city; Parkland has not had such a facility before. They later
authorized staff to enter into a contract with D&J Enterprises
for emergency debris management and disaster recovery
assistance.
• September 21st, 2010: look at the blog http://lindym.wordpress.com/2010/09/22/hurricane-wilmamartin-county-has-1-million-to-help-families-storm-proof97
homes/
Haiti – medium and long term
• Even 9 months on, Haiti is barely out of the initial phase.
• They are only just beginning to move people into
•
•
•
•
intermediate housing.
The major hold-up is caused by lax and lost (through
earthquake damage) land ownership documents. On some
pieces of land there are 6 claimants, all of which, it would
appear have some documentation to prove their case.
The NGOs are very reticent about putting up even
intermediate housing on land who ownership is in dispute.
This type of housing is due to last for 3 years, although
many foretell that it will still be being lived for a great
deal longer.
But there are still tons of rubble to be cleared, but
removing smashed houses is fraught with who owns
them? So this is not happening at anything like the rate
it should be.
98
From:
http://lindym.wordpress.com/category/haiti/
• The wood frame and
•
tarp wall shelters
have metal roofs and
are built to withstand
a Category 1
hurricane.
Plans to upgrade the
shelters to more
permanent materials
will allow families to
move the structure
when land is secured.
99
100
Haiti – medium and long term agriculture
• Another area of medium/ling term response is to improve
•
job prospects and get agriculture back on track. Even
before the earthquake that struck Haiti on 12 January,
half the population suffered from malnutrition, threequarters survived on less than US$2 a day, and 60
percent of the country's food was imported.
It has been estimated that for every US$1 invested in
agriculture, FAO estimates that US$40-60 worth of
food will be produced, sufficient to feed one family for
several months. But of the initial US$23 million
requested as part of the UN Flash Appeal for Haiti's
immediate agricultural needs, only twelve percent has
been funded.
101
Haiti – medium and long term agriculture
• FAO has distributed 1,074 tons of grain and pulse seed to 72,000 farming
•
•
families in the areas worst hit by the earthquake in January 2010. More
than 100,000 hand tools and almost 2,500 pieces of equipment to help with
post-harvesting have also been provided. In addition, plans are underway to
reach an additional 10,000 urban households around Port au Price, Ganthier
and Cabaret with seed and fertiliser to enable families to establish mobile
gardens.
Other development projects recently launched in Haiti include an 18-month
programme funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD) to repair irrigation systems, build 300 community and family gardens
and provide seeds and tools to 9,000 families. The Inter-American
Development Bank (IDB) will also invest US$200 million over five years to
improve land titling, promote farming techniques to reduce soil erosion, and
increase market access for farmers.
According to FAO, the long term priorities include improving natural
resource management, food security and nutrition. In order to continue to
reduce dependence on imports, FAO will continue to implement ongoing
projects to strengthening farmers' organisations to improve their capacity
to multiply quality bean, vegetable, maize, rice and sorghum seeds. Promotion
of fruit trees such as mangoes, avocados and banana to reforest Haiti and
provide food and income will also continue
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Haiti – medium and long term - industry
• The only industry of any significance is the
garment trade, where the pay is low –
about $3 a day (£1.90), barely a living
wage – but much better than the
alternative – no job at all and hand-outs. It
is hoped the number of international
investors will increase, as recently the US
have passed the HOPE agreement,
whereby any Haitian garments can be
imported into the US free of import duty.
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Haiti – medium and long term - industry
• The Coca-Cola Company announced the creation of the Haiti Hope
•
•
•
•
Project, to create opportunity for 25,000 Haitian mango farmers
and their families by supporting the development of a sustainable
mango juice industry in the country.
This five-year project, currently estimated at $7.5 million seeks to
double the income of these farmers. It is also aimed to set up a
processing industry in Haiti rather than as initially, export the fruit
for processing elsewhere.
The Coca-Cola Company has been a part of the Haitian community
since 1927 together with their local bottling partner, Brasserie de la
Couronne, is the largest private-sector employer in the country.
TechnoServe (a not-for profit enterprise) will help Haitian mango
farmers grow their crops more efficiently, produce additional crops
to boost their incomes, and create businesses that will allow them to
access markets.
Consumers can contribute to this Project by purchasing Odwalla
Haiti Hope Mango Lime-Aid launched in the United States in March
2010 and a similar Odwalla Haiti Hope beverage to launch early
summer in Canada -- 100 percent of the profits will be directed to
the Project.
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In conclusion
• Florida after Wilma was disrupted but not really
•
stalled for than a few weeks, while Haiti's
recovery as not even really begun.
But do keep an eye on the blog, using these
searches, as I am trying add updates on both of
these disasters whenever I find them:
• http://lindym.wordpress.com/category/haiti/
• http://lindym.wordpress.com/category/wilma/
• And if any of you find anything, if you don’t want
to add it yourselves , just send me the link!
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