Transcript The Dynamic Earth

The Dynamic Earth
Ch. 3
Sect. 1 Objectives
Describe the composition and structure of the Earth.
Describe the Earth’s tectonic plates.
Explain the main cause of earthquakes and their
effects.
Identify the relationship between volcanic eruptions
and climate change.
Describe how wind and water alter the Earth’s
surface.
Earths Layers
Geosphere (rock)
Atmosphere (air)
Hydrosphere
(water)
Biosphere (living
things)
The Earth Below Us
The Crust (dense)
composed of light elements
Only 1% of Earth’s mass
Thinnest layer
The Mantle (denser)
64% of Earth’s mass
Made of rock
The Core (most dense)
Composed of very dense material
Plate Tectonics
Lithosphere – Earth’s outer most layer and contains
the tectonic plates
Asthenosphere – layer directly below the
lithosphere, contains slow moving rocks
Tectonic Plates are in the lithosphere and move
because of the moving rocks in the asthenosphere
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
There is a lot of activity at the boundaries of tectonic
plates
Colliding – Convergent Boundary
Sliding – Transform Boundary
Moving away – Divergent Boundary
This causes many natural phenomena to occur
Mountains (colliding)
Earthquakes (slipping or sliding)
Volcanoes (colliding or separating)
Mountains
Made by plates:
Colliding
Slipping
Pulling apart
Example:
Himalaya Mountains
Eurasian Plate and
Indian Plate collided
Earthquakes
Fault – break in the Earth’s crust where large pieces
slide next to each other – tectonic plate boundaries
Causes
Tectonic plates slipping, causes vibrations
Magnitude – the measure of the energy released by
an earthquake
Volcanoes
a mountain built from magma
Magma - melted rock that rises from the
interior of the earth to the surface
Global effects:
Can change earths climate for years
Reduce the amount of sunlight reaching
earth
Drop in global temperature
Erosion
the removal and transport of surface material
Wears down rocks and makes them smoother
Rocky Mountains vs. Appalachian Mountains
Water erosion
Example?
Wind erosion
Example?
Class work
Section 1 Review
Pg. 70
Questions 1-6
Complete Sentences!!!
Sect. 2 Objectives
Describe the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere.
Describe the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere.
Explain three mechanisms of heat transfer in Earth’s
atmosphere.
Explain the greenhouse effect.
The Atmosphere
a mixture of gases that surround the Earth
Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Carbon Dioxide, argon, methane, water vapor – 1%
Aerosols
dust in the atmosphere, any small bits floating in the air
Salt
Ash
Skin
Hair
Pollen
Bacteria
Viruses
Atmospheric Layers
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Ozone
Troposphere
Troposphere
Closest to the Earth
Almost all weather occurs here
Densest layer, most pressure
Temperature decreases as Altitude increases
Stratosphere
Above the Troposphere
Temp. increase as altitude increases
Includes the Ozone layer
Reduces UV radiation that reaches the Earth
Mesosphere
Above the Stratosphere
Lowest temperatures in the Atmosphere
Thermosphere
Farthest from the Earths surface
Hottest layer! Because Nitrogen and Oxygen absorb
solar radiation. Over 2000oC
Would not feel hot to us. Why?
Aurora Borealis happens here!
Energy In the
Atmosphere
Radiation – transfer of energy across space
Ex: Energy from the sun
Convection – transfer of heat by air currents
Ex: wind
Conduction – transfer of heat when object are
touching
Ex: Pot on a stove
Energy In the
Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect
Sunlight enters Earth’s atmosphere
Earth’s surface radiates heat back to the atmosphere
Some heat escapes
Some heat is trapped by Greenhouse Gases
Ex: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide
Trapped heat radiated back to Earth’s surface,
warming the air.
Without this Earth would be too cold to live on
However, too many greenhouse gases can trap too
much heat.
Class work
Section 2 Review
Pg. 76
Questions: 1-5
Sect. 3 Objectives
Name the three major processes in the water cycle.
Describe the properties of ocean water.
Describe the two types of ocean currents.
Explain how the ocean regulates Earth’s temperature.
Discuss the factors that confine life to the biosphere.
Explain the difference between open and closed systems.
Water Cycle
the continuous movement of water on the Earth
Evaporation – water heated by the sun rises into the
atmosphere
Condensation – water in the atmosphere cools and
forms water droplets on dust particles
Precipitation – larger water droplets fall from clouds
Snow, sleet, hail, rain
Transpiration – water that evaporates from plants
Rock Cycle
World Ocean
all the oceans in the world are actually one large ocean
Pacific Ocean – Largest
Deepest part of the ocean – Challenger Deep at the
bottom of the Mariana Trench
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean – smallest
Covered with floating ice
The World Temperature
Regulator
The Oceans!!!!
Absorbs and stores energy from the sun, this helps
regulate the temperature on Earth.
Releases heat slowly when it is cold
Absorbs heat when it is hot
Milder temperatures occur by large bodies of water
Ocean Currents
Can regulate the temperature in areas
Ex: The Gulf Stream effects the British Isle climate
Class work
Section 3 Review
Pg. 85
Questions: 1,3,4,5