Transcript lessons learned from past notable disasters. indonesia.

LESSONS LEARNED FROM
PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS.
INDONESIA.
PART 3: VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE
INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
BENEFIT/COST FOR
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
CYCLONES
FLOODS
LANDSLIDES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
VOLCANOES
PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,”
INDONESIA HAS 127 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX SUBDUCTION
OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA AND
EURASIATECTONIC PLATES
542 OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
ARE LOCATED IN “RING OF FIRE”
INDONESIA
INDONESIA’S VOLCANOES
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
ON VOLCANOES
VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• VERTICAL PLUME (can affect
jet aircraft)
• ASH AND TEPHRA
• LATERAL BLAST
• PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS,
BURSTS, AND FLOWS
VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS (can bury villages)
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing
famine and mass extinctions)
CAUSES
OF RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
CASE HISTORIES
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
VOLCANO RISK
•VOLCANO HAZARDS
•PEOPLE & BLDGS.
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
INDONESIA’S
GOAL: VOLCANO
DISASTER RESILIENCE
COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
• PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EARLY WARNING
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Lake Toba
Mount Tambora
Krakatau
Merapi
INDONESIA’S NOTABLE
ERUPTIONS
• Lake Toba: Supervolcanic eruption
74,000 years ago that caused 6 years of
volcanic winter
• Mount Tambora: One of the most
violent eruptions in recorded history
that occurred in 1815.
• Krakatau: Notable for its global effects
in 1883
INDONESIA’S MOST ACTIVE
VOLCANES AT PRESENT
Mount Kelut
Mount Merapi
Since AD 1000, Kelut has
erupted more than 30 times,
with the largest eruption
having a Volcanic
Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5
Thousands have died in these
eruptions
Merapi has erupted more
than 80 times
Thousands have died in these
eruptions
SUDDEN CHANGE IN ACTIVITY
Since December 26, 2004 when the
M9.3 Banda Ache earthquake and
tsunami occurred, volcanic
activity increased and some of
Indonesia’s dormant volcanoes
became active again.
ERUPTIONS OF MOUNT
MERAPI
May 15, and June 6 - 8, 2006
MOUNT MERAPI RECEIVED CLOSE
ATTENTION ON APRIL 18
INDONESIA’S MOUNT MERAPI
ERUPTED ON MAY 15, 2006
• Mount Merapi, a
stratovolcano,
emitted lava,
debris, and a
pyroclastic flow
(or cloud) on
May 15.
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION
• Hot ash
released.
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION
• Volcanic ash
turned
everything
white
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION
• School children
wore masks to
counter adverse
health effects of
breathing
volcanic ash.
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION
• Volcanic
ash covered
crops and
vegetation.
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION
• Volcanic ash
covered
automobiles
and affected
jet airline
traffic.
MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED AGAIN
ON JUNE 6-8, 2006
• Mount Merapi
volcano emitted
lava, debris, and
pyroclastic flows
(superheated
clouds of gas) on
Tuesday, June 6
and Wednesday,
June 7.
EXPLOSIVENESS OF JUNE 8
ERUPTION SENT 15,000 FLEEING
EVACUATION
• 11,000 from
three districts
evacuated to
schools and
other “safe
haven”
emergency
shelters
MANY CHOSE TO EVACUATE
• Many citizens
chose to
evacuate.
• Evacuation was
ordered.
• Villagers
remembered the
1994 disaster
MANY CHOOSE NOT TO
EVACUATE
• Many citizens
chose not to
evacuate because
shelters are boring
and they wanted to
provide for
livestock and tend
crops.
TOWARDS DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION FOR VOLCANOES
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
• COST
• EXPOSURE
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
• EVENT
EXPECTED
LOSS
• BENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCES
POLICY ASSESSMENT
POLICY
ADOPTION
THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE:
1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,
2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM
4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE
EXPERIENCE AND START OVER
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE
A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.
AIR AND LAND MONITORING
TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL
.