Transcript Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)

Mercury:
Mean Distance
from Sun
57,909,175 km (35,983.1
miles) or 0.387 astronomical
units
Diameter
4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles)
Volume (Earth =
1)
0.054
Mass
3.3 x 1023 kg (0.012 x 1027
ounces) or 0.055 (Earth = 1)
Density
5.43 gm/cm3
Surface gravity
0.376 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period
(length of day
in Earth days)
58.65
Revolution
period (length
of year in Earth
days)
87.97
Mean surface
temperature
116.86 C (332.33° F)
Natural
satellites
None
Venus:
Diameter
108,208,930 km. (6.72 x 107
miles) or 0.723 astronomical
units
12,103.6 km (7,520.83) miles
Volume (Earth = 1)
0.88
Mass
4.87 x 1024 kg (0.17 x 1027
ounces) or 0.814 (Earth = 1)
Density
5.24 gm/cm3
Surface gravity
0.903 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period
(length of day in
Earth days)
243 Earth days (spins
backwards compared to most
other planets)
Revolution period
(length of year in
Earth days)
224.7 Earth days
Mean surface
temperature
456.85 C (854.33° F)
Natural satellites
None
Mean Distance
from Sun
Venus has few craters indicating relatively
young surfaces.
Its atmosphere is composed mostly of
carbon dioxide. There are several layers of
clouds many kilometers thick composed of
sulfuric acid.
These clouds completely obscure our view
of the surface. This dense atmosphere
produces a run-away greenhouse effect
that raises Venus' surface temperature by
about 400 degrees to over 740 K (hot
enough to melt lead).
Mars
Earth
Average Distance
from Sun
Average Speed in
Orbiting Sun
Diameter
142 million miles
93 million miles
14.5 miles per second
4,220 miles
18.5 miles per
second
7,926 miles
Tilt of Axis
25 degrees
23.5 degrees
Length of Year
687 Earth Days
365.25 Days
Length of Day
24 hours 37 minutes
Gravity
.375 that of Earth
Temperature
Average -81 degrees F
Atmosphere
mostly carbon dioxide
some water vapor
2
23 hours 56
minutes
2.66 times that of
Mars
Average 57
degrees F
nitrogen, oxygen,
argon, others
1
# of Moons
Evidence for Large Water Flows on Mars
Layered Sedimentary Rock
Possible water Channels
Jupiter
Mean Distance
from Sun
778,412,010 km (4.84 x 108 miles)
or 5.20 astronomical units
Diameter
142,984 km (88,846.1 miles)
Volume (Earth = 1)
1,316
Mass
1.90 x 1027 (66.97 x 1027 ounces)
or 317.8 (Earth = 1)
Density
1.33 gm/cm3
Surface gravity
2.34 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period
(length of day in
Earth days)
0.41 Earth day (9.8 Earth hours)
Revolution period
(length of year)
11.86 Earth years
Mean surface
temperature
14.85 - 19.85 C (58.73 - 67.73° F)
Natural satellites
Four largest are Ganymede,
Callisto, Io, Europa. Two of next
largest are Amalthea and Himalia.
Twenty-two others had been
discovered before 2001.
Io
Orbit: 422,000 km from Jupiter (5.9 RJ)
Diameter: 3630 km
Voyager 1 discoveries hundreds of volcanic
calderas, many are still active.
First real proof that the interiors of other
"terrestrial" bodies are actually hot and active.
The material erupting from Io's vents appears
to be some form of sulfur or sulfur dioxide.
Voyager 1
Io’s Interior: Mantle of Rock, with
Metallic Core
Europa
Distance from Jupiter: 671,000 km 9.3 RJ
Radius: 1,565 km
Europa has almost a complete absence of
craters as well as almost no vertical relief.
Major Atmospheric Constituent: Oxygen
These artist's drawings depict two proposed models of
the subsurface structure of Europa,
A warm,
convecting ice
layer, located
several
kilometers
below a cold,
brittle surface
ice crust (top
model),
or
a layer of
liquid water
with a possible
depth of more
than 100
If a 100 kilometer (60 mile) deep ocean existed
below
kilometers
a 15 kilometer (10 mile) thick Europan ice (bottom
crust, it
would be 10 times deeper than any ocean on
Earth and
model).
would contain twice as much water as Earth's oceans
and rivers combined.
Major salt would be magnesium sulfate while the
Europa has an atmosphere
From Plasma Sputtering
Ganymede
Distance from Jupiter: 1,070,000 km
14.95 RJ
Radius: 2,634 km
Ganymede is most likely composed of a rocky
core with a water/ice mantle and a crust of rock
and ice.
It is heavily cratered, especially in the dark
regions, implying ancient origin.
Major Atmospheric Constituent: Oxygen
Ganymede Interior : Rock/Ice Crust
Water/Ice mantle
Rock Outer Core
Metallic Core
Ganymede: Plasma Wind Erosion/
Mid-Latitude Projection via
Global Magnetic Field
Callisto
Distance from Jupiter: 1,883,000 km
26.3 RJ
Radius: 2,403 km
It orbits just beyond Jupiter's main radiation
belt.
Callisto is the most heavily cratered satellite
in the solar system. Its crust is very ancient
and dates back 4 billion years, just shortly
after the solar system was formed.
Major Atmospheric Constituent:
Carbon Dioxide
Callisto’s Interior : a relatively uniform
mixture of comparable amounts of ice and
rock.
Saturn
Mean Distance from
Sun
1,426,725,400 km (8.87 x 108
miles) or 9.54 astronomical units
Diameter
120,536 km (74,897.6 miles)
Volume (Earth = 1)
755
Mass
5.69 x 1026 kg (2.01 x 1028 ounces)
or 95.2 (Earth = 1)
Density
0.70 gm/cm3
Surface gravity (896
cm/s (2))
1.16 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period
(length of day in
Earth days)
0.44 (10.2 Earth hours)
Revolution period
(length of year)
29.46 Earth years
Mean surface
temperature
-139.15 C (-218.47° F)
Natural satellites
Titan is the largest, and the next
six in size are Rhea, Iapetus,
Dione, Tethys, Enceladus, Mimas.
Twenty-three others had been
discovered before 2001.
Like Jupiter, Saturn is about 75% hydrogen
and 25% helium with traces of water,
methane, ammonia and "rock", similar to the
composition of the primordial solar system
Both planets also generate more energy than
they absorb from the Sun – Brown Dwarfs
The rings are actually composed of
innumerable small particles, ranging in size
from a centimeter or so to several meters.
A few kilometer-sized objects are also likely.
Saturn's rings are extraordinarily thin: though
they're 250,000 km or more in diameter
they're less than one kilometer thick.
Titan
Distance from Saturn: 1,221,830 km, 10 RS
Radius:
2,575 km
An impenetrable layer of atmosphere and clouds.
Liquid seas or pools of methane or ethane; water
would be frozen due to Titan's low surface
temperature.
Kuiper Belt is a disk-shaped region past the
orbit of Neptune roughly 30 to 100 AU from
the Sun containing many small icy bodies.
It is now considered to be the source of the
short-period comets.
Uranus
Mean Distance from
Sun
2,870,972,200 km (1.78 x 109 miles)
or 19.19 astronomical units
Diameter
51,118 km (31,763.3 miles)
Volume (Earth = 1)
52
Mass
8.68 x 1025 kg (3.06 x 1027 ounces)
or 14.48 (Earth = 1)
Density
1.30 gm/cm3
Surface gravity
1.15 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period
(length of day in
Earth hours)
0.72 or 17.9 Earth hours (spins
backwards compared to most other
planets)
Revolution period
(length of year in
Earth years)
83.75
Mean surface
temperature
-197.15 C (-322.87° F)
Natural satellites
Five of largest are Miranda, Titania,
Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel. Sixteen
others had been discovered before
2001.
Neptune
Mean Distance from
Sun
4,498,252,900 km (2.80 x 109
miles) or 30.07 astronomical units
Diameter
55,528 km (34,503.5 miles)
Volume (Earth = 1)
44
Mass
1.02 x 1026 kg (3.61 x 1027 ounces)
or 17.2 (Earth = 1)
Density
1.76 gm/cm3
Surface gravity tba
(1100 cm/s (2)
1.19 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period
(length of day in
Earth days)
0.67 (19.1 Earth hours)
Revolution period
(length of year)
163.72 Earth years
Mean surface
temperature tba
-200.15 C (-328.27° F)
Natural satellites
Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea,
Larissa, Proteus, Triton, Nereid
Pluto
Mean Distance from
Sun
5,906,376,200 km (3.67 x 109 miles)
or 39.48 astronomical units
Diameter
2,390 km (1,485.08 miles)
Volume (Earth = 1)
0.005
Mass
1.29 x 1022 kg (0.00046 x 1027
ounces) or 0.0025 (Earth = 1)
Density
1.1 gm/cm3
Surface gravity
0.066 (Earth = 1)
Rotation period
(length of day in
Earth days)
6.39 (spins backwards compared to
most other planets)
Revolution period
(length of year)
248 Earth Years
Mean surface
temperature
-215.35 C (-355.63° F)
Natural satellites
Charon