Transcript dD - 8 d 18 O

Quiz #1 Open Notes May 20, 2014
Surface Water Hydrology
NAME_____________
1.(30 pts.) Sketch the distribution of Earths atmospheric
circulation cells, labeling important climate zone
Equator
2. (30 pts.) What are the probable origins (or water type) of the
following waters with the indicated characteristics? Suggest a
location and occurrence (e.g., London rain) where each sample
might have been found. All of these are real samples.
Surface Water
Hydrology
Bob Criss
Apollo 17
12/7/72
Major Topics:
Hydrologic Cycle & Reservoirs
Isotope Hydrology
Precipitation, Runoff, Evapotranspiration
Alluvial Systems
Darcy’s Law
Flash Floods, Rainfall-Runoff Modeling
Great Rivers, River Structures and Regional Floods
Flood Recurrence & Risk
=> Hydrologic Data, Records,
Data-based Theoretical Models
Major Topics:
Hydrologic Cycle & Reservoirs
Isotope Hydrology
Precipitation, Runoff, Evapotranspiration
Alluvial Systems
Darcy’s Law
Flash Floods, Rainfall-Runoff Modeling
Great Rivers, River Structures and Regional Floods
Flood Recurrence & Risk
=> Hydrologic Data, Records,
Data-based Theoretical Models
8 Lectures, 8 quizzes
Nat Geo., Dec. 2006
Apollo 17
HYDROSPHERE
1.36 x 109 km3 = 1.36 x 1021 liters
Seawater
97.2 %
3.5 wt % salt; very homogeneous
covers 70% of the surface,
mean depth 3.8 km
Icecaps & Glaciers
2.15 %
>75% of fresh water
Pleistocene oscillations ±100 m
Groundwater
0.62 %
22% of all fresh water
Lakes, inland seas
0.017%
Atmosphere
0.001%
Stream Channels
0.0001%
USGS
Renewable vs. Non-renewable
Renewable resources
Resources that are replenished on short time scales.
e.g., plants, animals, running water, solar energy.
Non-renewable resources
Resources that are fixed in total quantity in the Earth's crust.
Not replenished on short time scales.
Streamflow =
Runoff (Ro)
Arguably a
Reason:
resource
Groundwater = Largest volume of accessible fresh water
Arguably a
resource
Reason:
Renewable vs. Non-renewable
Renewable resources
Resources that are replenished on short time scales.
e.g., plants, animals, running water, solar energy.
Non-renewable resources
Resources that are fixed in total quantity in the Earth's crust.
Not replenished on short time scales.
Streamflow =
Runoff (Ro)
Arguably a renewable resource
Reason: continuously replenished
Groundwater = Largest volume of accessible fresh water
Arguably a non-renewable resource
Reason: Slow recharge in most areas wrt rate of use
Renewable vs. Non-renewable
Renewable resources
Resources that are replenished on short time scales.
e.g., plants, animals, running water, solar energy.
Non-renewable resources
Resources that are fixed in total quantity in the Earth's crust.
Not replenished on short time scales.
Streamflow =
Runoff (Ro)
Arguably a renewable resource
Reason: continuously replenished
Exception: can be degraded in quality
Groundwater = Largest volume of accessible fresh water
Arguably a non-renewable resource
Reason: Slow recharge in most areas wrt rate of use
GENERAL CIRCULATION
Hadley cells
George Hadley (1735)
Large scale, flat circulation cells
Explain Trade Winds
Control pressure & wind patterns, rainfall
Venus
Slow retrograde rotation = 243 days
Equator to pole Hadley cell
Mean Annual Pressure Belts and Generalized Winds
Blair 1942
Polar High Pressure
Hadley Circulation
Non tilted,
Non-rotating planet
Equatorial Low Pressure
Equatorial Low Pressure
Polar High Pressure
after Marsh 1967
Venus in UV
Pioneer
1980
NASA
3-Cell Hadley
Model
after Miller, A 1983
Hyperarid
Arid
Semiarid
Humid
Cold
WRI 2002
Earth 24 h rotation rate- Hadley cells break up into smaller cells (Ferrel 1856)
Hadley Cells
Ferrel Cells
Polar Cells
Distinctive Climatic Zones
ITCZ : Intertropical Convergence Zone
Equatorial belt of low pressures
Not really a front
Constant, wet, aseasonal climate
Rising air, year round high rainfall
Winds cancel, calm (doldrums), no hurricanes
Trade Wind Belt
High Pressure Belts: (~ 30° N & S lat)
Westerlies
Polar Front (~60° N & S)
Earth 24 h rotation rate- Hadley cells break up into smaller cells (Ferrel 1856)
Hadley Cells
Ferrel Cells
Polar Cells
Distinctive Climatic Zones
ITCZ : Intertropical Convergence Zone
Equatorial belt of low pressures
Not really a front
Constant, wet, aseasonal climate
Rising air, year round high rainfall
Winds cancel, calm (doldrums), no hurricanes
Trade Wind Belt
Brisk, steady winds
High Pressure Belts: (~ 30° N & S lat)
Horse Latitudes
Descending air, hot & dry due to adiabatic compression
Divergence of trade winds & westerlies
General anticyclonic rotation
Westerlies
Polar Front (~60° N & S)
Convergence of air masses having different T; Permanent front
Low pressures, ascending air, Jet stream position
Isotope Hydrology
Bob Criss
Washington University
Z
Moody et al. (2005)
N
Most elements below Bi (#83) have
at least two stable nuclides
Exceptions: 9Be
19F
27Al 31P
23Na
45Sc
…
http://wwwndc.tokai.jaeri.go.jp/CN03/CN001.html
H
1.0079
HYDROGEN ISOTOPES
Protium
1H
1.00782503
99.985 at. %
Deuterium
Tritium
2H
3H
2.01410178
0.015 at. %
3.01605
12.32 yr
O
15.9994
OXYGEN ISOTOPES
8p+8n
Oxygen-16
8p+9n
Oxygen-17
8p+10n
Oxygen-18
16O
17O
18O
15.99491462
99.76 at. %
16.9991314
17.999160
0.04 at. %
0.200 at. %
ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY
NATURAL WATERS
18O,
D, T
Ideal, double isotopic tracer system
Conservative tracers
Intrinsic to the H2O molecule
dD vs. d18O plot
TABLE 1.4:
COMPARISON OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORDINARY AND HEAVY WATER
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROPERTY
H 2O
D2O
Molar Mass 1
18.01528
20.02748 g
∆Hv @ 25°C1
10.519
10.851 kcal/mole
Vapor Pressure @ 25°C 2
23.756
20.544 torr
Melting Point1
0.00
3.82 °C
Boiling Point1
100.00
101.42 °C
Critical Temperature1
373.99
370.74 °C
Density @ 25°C1
0.9970
1.1044
Viscosity @ 25°C 3
8.93
Disassociation
Constant3
1.0 x 10-14
Latent Heat
of Fusion3
1436.3 ±1 @ 0°C
Toxicity
None
11.0 millipoise
1.95 x 10-15
1515 ±10 cal/mole @3.82°C
Poisonous
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources: 1. Lide, 1991; 2. Pupezin et al., 1972; 3. Kirschenbaum, 1951
Criss 1999
Delta Values
Abundance variations of stable nonradiogenic isotopes are normally small.
A difference technique (formerly, voltage divider) is used to compare
the mass spectrometer beam intensities with those of a standard gas.
It is natural and best to report the isotopic constitution of a sample (x) in terms
of its dimensionless difference from a known standard (std).
Define the d-value ("delta-value"):
Rx - Rstd
d = 1000
Rstd
D / H ) x - ( D / H ) SMOW
(
d D = 1000
( D / H )SMOW
where R's are isotope ratios
1000x converts the d-values to per mil ‰
Some workers use 100x and % for D/H
d 18O = 1000
(
O / 16O) - ( 18O / 16O)
18
(
x
O / 16O)
18
SMOW
SMOW
Isotope Hydrology
OCEAN: 97.2 % of hydrosphere
Mean depth ~ 3.8 km
Volume = 1.37 x 109 km3
SEAWATER: Very uniform, buffered
Salinity 35‰
d18O = 0 ± 1 ‰
dD = 0 ± 5 ‰
Isotopic variations coupled with salinity variations
Melt icecaps: d18O = -1
Meteoric Water: huge range
d18O = +4 to -62 ‰
dD = +40 to -500 ‰
E/P, sea ice
Craig & Gordon 1965
E-W transect @ ~20°N
Craig & Gordon 1965
METEORIC WATER
Water that originates
as precipitation in the
hydrologic cycle
Large isotopic variations:
Values lowest in cold, high latitude, interior regions
Approx Range: d18O = +4 to -62 ‰
dD = +40 to -500 ‰
e.g., SLAP (-55.5 , -428)
Criss
Water Types:
METEORIC WATER:
Originates as precipitation w/i hydrologic cycle
Large variations: d18O = +4 to -62 dD = +40 to -500
Meteoric Water Line (MWL)
dD = 8 d18O + 10
Slope: equilibrium effect
y-intercept: kinetic effect
“Deuterium excess” = dD - 8 d18O
Some Local Variation
Different water lines
Intercept can be higher in low humidity regions,
e.g., +22 for Mediterranean
SMOW
dD
dD = 8 d18O + 10
d18O
Craig 1961
Spatial and Temporal Variability
SMOW
dD
dD = 8 d18O + 10
d18O
Craig 1961
Criss (1999)
d18O values of
Meteoric Waters
modified after
Taylor 1974
Applications of Isotopic “Fingerprinting”
Water Source Identification
Flowpath Delineation
Spring Tracing
Groundwater Tracing
Contaminant Plume Visualization
Groundwater Velocity Determination
Process Deduction
Evolved Waters
Forensics
Mixing Studies
Hydrograph Separation
River Mixing
Surface Water-Ground Water Interaction
Constituent or Contaminant Sourcing
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_1c.html
3-Cell Hadley
Model
after Miller, A 1983
E
Global Mean
E and P
P
McIntosh & Thom
Humidity
Global Precipitation
http://precip.gsfc.nasa.gov/gifs/v2.79-06.climo.gif
Mean Annual Pressure Belts and Generalized Winds
Blair 1942
Tritton 1988
Reserve Books
Craig, Vaughan & Skinner (2001): Resources of the Earth, Ch 11
HC 21 C72 2001
Deming, D. (2002) Introduction to Hydrogeology. McGraw-Hill, NY.
GB1003.2 D46 2002
Domenico & Schwartz (1990): Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology
Encyclopedic, up-to-date book. Extensive reference list.
GB1003.2 D66 1990
Fetter (2001): Applied Hydrogeology.
Introductory hydrogeology text emphasizing basic terminology & principles.
GB1003.2 F47 2001
Freeze & Cherry (1979): Groundwater. GB1003.2.F73
Clearly written and authoritative treatment of groundwater hydrology.
Hubbert (1940): The Theory of Ground-Water Motion and Related Papers
Classic book defining Darcy’s Law in terms of the hydraulic potential..
TC176 H83 196
Hydrogeology
The study of the laws of occurrence and movement of
subterranean water
Mead (1919)
The study of the laws governing the movement of subterranean water,
the mechanical, chemical, and thermal interaction of this water with
the porous solid, and the transport of energy and chemical constituents
by the flow
Domenico & Schwartz (1990)
Hydrogeology
The study of the laws of occurrence and movement of
subterranean water
Mead (1919)
The study of the laws governing the movement of subterranean water,
the mechanical, chemical, and thermal interaction of this water with
the porous solid, and the transport of energy and chemical constituents
by the flow
Domenico & Schwartz (1990)
Inadequate Definitions:
Ground water cannot be divorced from other parts of hydrologic cycle
Ground water is a significant component of stream flow
Ground water is an essential economic & environmental resource
Fluid/rock interactions are essential to most crustal processes