Transcript The two states of matter they didn`t teach you about in school… Until

Hero’s Steam engine
Moving particles make up all matter.
Which particles are moving the fastest?
Solids
Solids have definite shape and volume.
Molecules of solids are close together.
Molecules of solids are bound tightly.
Molecules of solids move slower.
Two types of solids
Crystalline and Amorphous
Crystalline Solids
• The molecules of crystalline solids are arranged in
repeating symmetrical patterns.
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Metals
Minerals such as diamond
Salts
Ice
Amorphous Solids
• Amorphous solids have molecules arranged in no pa
• rticular order.
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Rubber
Wax
Some plastics
Liquid
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Liquids can change shape.
The volume of a liquid can’t change very much.
Molecules in a liquid move faster.
Molecules in a liquid are close together.
Molecules of liquids are bound loosely
Two Properties of Liquids
• Surface tension
• It’s why water forms round drops.
Viscosity
It’s why some liquids flow faster than others.
Surface Tension
• An attractive force exists
between molecules of
liquids.
• This force causes the
liquid to form a curved
surface or a round drop.
• This force varies among
different liquids. The
greater the surface
tension, the greater the
curve, or the rounder the
drop.
Viscosity
• The force of attraction between
liquid molecules causes the
liquid to resist flowing.
• High viscosity liquids flow
slowly.
• Lava
• Low viscosity liquids flow
faster.
• water
Gases
•
Gases change shape
•
Gases can change volume.
•
The volume of gas depends on
the volume of the container.
•
Molecules of gases move fast
enough to break away from each
other.
Gas and Pressure
•
Gas molecules exert pressure on
the sides of whatever is containing
it.
•
Pressure is the amount of force
exerted over a given area.
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Fast moving molecules of gas
colliding against the sides of a
container cause this pressure.
•
The more gas particles in a
container, the more collisions, and
therefore the higher the pressure.
Plasma
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Plasma is the 4th state of matter.
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Plasma is the most common state
in the universe.
The sun’s corolla is made up of
matter in the plasma state.
Plasma has no definite shape or
volume.
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When particles of matter move so
fast that the individual particles
themselves break apart, then they
are in the plasma state.
Plasma on Earth
•
Lightning strikes produce plasmas
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Aurora Borealis (northern lights)
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Florescent lights
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Fire
Plasma behaves differently than
gas.
• Plasmas can conduct
electric current.
• Magnetic fields can
affect plasmas.
We all know about:
SOLIDS
Lower
Temperature
LIQUIDS
GASES
Higher
Temperature
But what happens if you raise the
temperature to super-high levels…
between
1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything
just be a gas?
NO!
If the gas is made up of particles which carry an
electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the
entire gas as a whole has no electric charge,
and if the density is not too high, then we
can get
The 4th state of matter:
PLASMA
Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
4. Neon lights
5. Stars
Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.
Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire
Universe is in the plasma state.
The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state
6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars
6
So now we know all about
four states of matter:
SOLIDS
Lower
Temperature
LIQUIDS
GASES
PLASMAS
(only for low density
ionized gases)
Higher
Temperature
Is there a 5th state of matter?
Bose-Einstein
Condensate
But now what happens if you lower the
temperature way, way, down to
100 nano degrees above
“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything
just be a frozen
solid?
Not Necessarily!
In 1924, two scientists, Albert Einstein and
Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter
which would occur at very very low
temperatures.
Einstein
Bose
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Finally, in 1995 , Wolfgang
Ketterle and his team of
graduate students
discovered the 5th state of
matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his
students
The 5th state of matter:
Bose-Einstein Condensate
In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no
longer bounce around as individuals.
Instead they must all act in exactly the same
way, and you can no longer tell them apart!
Here is a picture a computer took of
Bose-Einstein Condensation
The big peak happens
when all the atoms
act exactly the same
way!
(We can’t see
Bose-Einstein
condensation
with our eyes
because the
atoms are too
small)
Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…
To really understand
Bose-Einstein
condensate you need to
know
Quantum Physics
In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists
received the highest award in science for
discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:
The Nobel Prize
The five states of matter:
BOSEEINSTEIN
SOLIDS
CONDENSATE
Lower
Temperature
PLASMAS
LIQUIDS
GASES
(only for low
density ionized
gases)
Higher
Temperature