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Geology
4th Grade
EQ:
What is geology?
Geology K-W-L
Know
Want to Know
Learned
What is geology?
A root and a suffix
– geo means “land, earth”
– ology means “study of”
Geology is, “the study of the earth and its layers.”
So how do scientist know what is
inside the Earth?
Making inferences (conclusion based on evidence)…
• Make scale models
• Drill into the Earth
• Study energy waves
from earthquake
• Study rocks that spew
from volcanoes
EQ:
What is plate tectonics?
What was the name of the super
continent?
Key Definitions
plate tectonics-the movement and
reformation of continents due to the
shifting of the ocean’s crust and mantle
underneath
Pangaea- supercontinent that once
contained all of the major continents in the
world
Alfred Wegener-German meteorologist
who theorized continental drift in 1912
Continents Song
North America, South America,
Europe, Asia, and Australia,
Africa, Antarctica,
These are the continents.
Pangaea
Pangaea
EQ:
What are the 4 main layers of the
Earth?
Key Definitions
core-earth’s innermost layer, two zones (the
outer core and the inner core) composed
mainly of iron and nickel
crust-outer portion of earth
mantle-the layer of earth found between the
crust and the core, composed of magma
tectonic plates-rigid layers of earth’s crust,
including the continental and oceanic
crusts, that drift slowly atop the mantle
Layers of the Earth
• 4 layers
–
–
–
–
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
The Crust
• Movement of ~20 huge slabs called,
“tectonic plates”
– Forms the shape of our continents
– Creates mountains
– Cause volcanoes to erupt
EQ:
Name and describe three plate
boundary types.
Key Definitions
convergent boundary– plates come together
divergent boundary- plates pull apart
subduction- one plate goes under another
transform boundary – plates slide past
Types of Boundaries
Types of Boundaries Simulation
Plate Tectonics
EQ:
What is an earthquake?
Key Definitions
earthquake-a movement of Earth’s crust
fault-a fracture in Earth’s crust along which the blocks
of rock on either side have been pushed together or
moved apart
mountain-an uplifted section of the surface of the Earth
that is formed by the movement of two tectonic
plates, and by volcanism, folding, and faulting
Richter Scale-numerical scale that measures the
magnitude (how strong) of an earthquake
seismograph-machine that detects and records the
intensity of ground movements such as earthquakes
Earthquakes and Faults
Seismograph Simulation
EQ:
What are the 4 types of mountains?
Key Definitions
dome-folded mountain, shaped like an upside down
bowl with the layers dipping away from the center in
all directions
fault block mountain-a mountain formed when Earth’s
crust is pulled apart, blocks of crust drop down or
are tilted (Rocky Mountains)
folded mountain-a mountain formed where plates move
into each other, causing layers of rock to move up
and warp or fold (Appalachian and Ural)
volcanic mountain-a mountain formed by a vent
flowing with magma from the mantle to the crust
Making Mountains
A.
B.
Can you identify each
type of mountain?
C.
D.
EQ:
What is the main difference between
magma and lava?
Key Definitions
volcano-an opening in the crust of Earth that
ejects lava, gases, and ash
dormant-temporarily inactive
extinct volcano-a volcano that was once active but
has stopped erupting and will never erupt again
magma-molten rock found under Earth’s surface
lava-molten rock moved to earth’s surface by a
volcano
tsunami-seismic sea wave caused by an
earthquake, landslide, or volcanic activity that
occurs under the ocean
Mt. St. Helen’s 1980
EQ:
What causes a geyser to erupt?
Key Definitions
geothermal energy-energy that uses or relates to
heat from the interior earth
geyser- a hot spring that occasionally releases
water and steam into the air
hot spring- groundwater that comes to the surface
when it is heated by geothermal energy
Geyser Simulation
Hot Springs and Geysers
“Old Faithful” Geyser
– Located in Yellowstone
National Park
– Erupts every 90 min.
– Live Webcam
– Video Footage
EQ:
How do the 3 types of rocks form?
Key Definitions
erosion-the transportation of rock particles to a new
location
igneous rock- rock formed by molten magma or lava
that has hardened
metamorphic rock- rock that has been changed due
to pressure and heat
sedimentary rock- rock formed from sediments that
are pressed together
weathering-process by which rocks are broken down
and changed by exposure to environmental
conditions (chemical or physical)
3 Types of Rock
Rock Cycle
EQ:
How is chemical weathering different
from physical weathering?
Weathering
weathering-process by which rocks are broken down and
changed by exposure to environmental conditions
-chemical weathering: chemically altering the mineral
components of rocks
ex: rusting of iron (oxidation)
-physical weathering: changing the physical properties
of rock
ex: larger rock breaking into
smaller pieces
(freezing/thawing/wind)
Sink Hole in a Cup Simulation
Bill Nye “Science Guy”
Rocks and Soil
23 min