Transcript Unit One Power Point (saved as ppt)

Unit One
Building Planet Earth
Unit 1.1 Earth’s Beginnings
How earth is built,
seasons & time zone
Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings
• One of smallest
planets in solar
system
• Believed to have
been made from BIG
BANG or STEADYSTATE
• Water covers 71%
• about 4.6 billion years
old
Big Bang & Steady State Diagram
Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings
• Accretion = dust
particles + gasses +
meteorites =
plantesimals
Accretion Diagram
Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings
• DIFFERENTIATION = Heavy elements, iron &
nickel center. Lighter elements, silicon,
aluminum & magnesium crust.
• Life started 3.5-3.8 billion yrs
Differentiation Diagram
A SIMPLIFIED HISTORY OF THE EARTH, NIGEL CALDER
• ...Or we can depict Mother
Earth as a lady of 46… Most
of what we recognize on
Earth, including all
substantial animal life, is the
product of the past six years
of the lady's life…. Her
continents were quite bare of
life until she was getting on
for 42 and flowering plants
did not appear until she was
45- just one year ago. At that
time, the great reptiles,
including the dinosaurs,
were her pets and the breakup of the last supercontinent
was in progress.
• The dinosaurs passed away eight months ago and the
upstart mammals replaced them. In the middle of last
week, in Africa, some man-like apes turned into apeIike men and at the weekend, Mother Earth began
shivering with the latest series of ice ages… and about
five minutes later Jesus was preaching on a hill farther
along the fault line. Just one minute has passed, out of
Mother Earth's 46 'years', since man began his
industrial " revolution, three human lifetimes ago.
During that time he has multiplied his numbers and
skills prodigiously and ransacked the planet for metal
and fuel.
BBC
video
beginning
of earth
Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings
• Earth is in constant
movement
• 1st: galaxy is moving
outward
• 2nd: Milky Way is
spinning
• 3rd: earth revolves
sun / yr
• 4th: earth rotates sun
/ day
Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings
• Coriolis Force = a
curl of water/ air
North right & South
left toilet
Coriolis Diagram
Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings
• Time Zones  24 every 15
Longitude, changes date @
International Date Line
(180) go to Asia ‘gain’ day
Summer/ Winter Solstice &
Spring/ Fall Equinox Diagram
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
Lithosphere, Mantle & Core
Theory of Isostasy
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
1st BODY Wave [travels
in earth’s interior]
{p.61 PE}
– PRIMARY (P) liquid,
solid, or gas fast
wave
– SECONDARY (S) only
through solids 60%
P wave
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
2nd SURFACE Wave [travels on crust/ surface]
– LONG / LOVE (L)Waves. Shake rock sideways.
What different waves tell us
Seismic refraction animation… show fast vs slow
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
Non-Solid Spheres
Hydrosphere
– unique, mostly liquid, 71% earth’s surface
Water cycle hyperlink click on picture
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
Atmosphere:
– Mostly nitrogen & O2
– 90% within 2 km from
earth’s surface
Earth’s Interior Diagram
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
LITHOSPHERE
• Thin outer crust (±16 km thick) like skin on peach can crack,
warp & buckle state of balance/ equilibrium
• Ends at MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY (Moho Line)
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
OCEANIC crust (about
5 km)
– denser but thinner
(tortilla)
CONTINENTAL 32-64
km
– thinner but less
dense (bread)
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
MANTLE 2 parts:
• ASTHENOSPHERE:
upper part, plastic like
(Playdough) crust
moves on it
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
• MESOSPHERE:
lower part. Solid. Big
– From Moho ± 2900
km
– Solid,very hot, less
dense at top.
Mantle convection current
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
• CORE/ Centrosphere
From mantle (2900 km)
to center (5800 km)
– OUTER CORE: Liquid
– INNER CORE: Solid
(nife)
Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure
Theory of Isostasy:
Ocean (sima) crust all
around earth
continental (sial) crust
floats.
Adjust position (ie glaciers
melt) like floating ice
cubes {PE 82}
Isostasy ground & glaciation animation
Theory of Isostasy Diagram
On mtn range animation
Unit 1.3 Earth’s Crusts 
Rocks
How rocks are formed: Igneous,
Sedimentary & Metamorphic
Rock Cycle & Fossil Fuels
Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks
• ROCK= consolidated
solid substance mixture of minerals
• Loose sand =
weathered rock
• “parent” rock=main
rock smaller piece
once belonged to
Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks
IGNEOUS
• Formed from cooling
MAGMA
• Magma comes to
surface as LAVA
• Lava to surface
through volcano or
crack in earth’s crust
Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks
• Since earth was
once all molten/ all
original rocks
were igneous
• Rate and character
of cooling
determined by
depth cooling
takes place
Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks
SEDIMENTARY
• rocks worn away
(erosion) and carried
else where.
• by streams, ocean
currents, wind & ice
Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks
• SEDIMENT in bottom
of lakes, seas, & land
• found in STRATA
• INORGANIC &
Organic  (Shells)
ie Limestone
• (fossils)
Cross bed formation animation
Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks
• Earth is slowly cooling
causes outer skin to
shrink = pressure &
heat
• Since metamorphic rocks
have been compressed
and baked, they are
much harder than
igneous or sedimentary
(less likely to erode)
Rock Cycle Diagram
Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks
Rock Cycle
Diagram!
Rock Cycle Animation with
mouse clicks to each part
Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues
• MICHELANGELO ate
SHELLS
• which were bitter like
LIMEStone
• and after he was
done he went and
worked on his
MARBLE statue
Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues
FRED FLINSTONE
lives in a CLAY
• house and bowls just
for the SHALE
• of it! His boss is Mr
SLATE!
Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues
DAYS of our LIVES
• SAND passes through
the hour glass and the
scorned woman throws a
• sandSTONE at her
misbehaving lover who
wins her back by buying
her a
• QUARTZite watch so she
doesn’t have to tell time
through an hour glass
any more!
Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues
• BILL GATES is a
powerful man with a deep
• GRAVEL voice. He first
bought a lot of companies
and made them a
CONGLOMERATE
• and then he joined with
more companies and
made them a METACONGLOMERATE
Unit 1.3: a special $edimentary
formation
• Fossil Fuels = dead plants & animals in water
areas & covered with mud…didn’t decay but
organic fluids. Layered upon = SEDIMENTARY
• Liquids in traps/ reservoirs, solids in strata
Unit 1.3: a special $edimentary
formation
• Coal (plant remains),
Oil (organic fluids),
Gas (organic gasses)
• CARBON burnt
connects with
Oxygen = CO2
Fossil Fuel Diagram
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift &
Plate Tectonics
How it was invented, by whom, & what it means
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
• Who Developed Idea?
• Alfred Wegener (1915)
developed Theory
Continental Drift
[motion of continental
crust]
• proposed a single
supercontinent
(Pangaea)
• He said the pieces of the
continent drifted (like
eggshell)
Break up of Pangaea animation
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
• But theory major holes
died in 1930 very
disappointed
• Still, questions like:
• Why did coastlines fit
together?
• Why similar
Paleoclimatic (ice age)
and fossil samples on
different continents?
• Why certain mountain
ranges on different
continents made from
same things & time?
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
• When credible theory?
• 1960s, advanced
technology (WWII) map
sea floor
• Two land masses =.
Gondwanaland
&Laurasia
• very slow / powerful
convection currents in
mantle pull land apart,.
• AVERAGED 2-3 cm/ year
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
Evidence =
• Magnetism
• Mid-ocean ridges
Origin of magnetic anomalies
animation
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
• fossil
• ice ages
• coal swamps = hot/
wet climate & found in
CND, Russia
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
• Continents “fit”
• mountain ranges
same age / materials
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
• Ocean floors young
Evolution of a Divergent Plate
Boundary animation
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
What is it?
• Asthenosphere =
plasticy
• continents floating
on it
• Seven large plates
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
• Not all plate boundaries
coincide with continents
• Some plates only
oceanic crust
• Some plate have both
crusts
• PLATE movement =
PLATE TECTONICS
Unit 1.4: Continental Drift
& Plate Tectonics
• Plates can move
apart, converge
(oceanic with
continental &
continental with
continental), slide
past another
Subduction
Subduction/ convergence boundaries animation
Convergent
Animation –
continent to
continent
collision
strike-slip diagrams
Mid-oceanic/ rift
Divergent plate boundaries animation
Unit 1.5: Faults & Folding
& Volcanoes, oh my
Unit 1.5: Faults
• Rocks under pressure or
tension fracture under
strain.
• rift (fault) formed =
faulting
• Faulting usually
sedimentary strata
(easier to break up but
still keep in straight lines)
STRAIGHT LINES!!!!!!!!!!!!
Elastic rebound theory, making fault animation
Unit 1.5: Faults
• Tension = away
• Compression =
together
BBC Video How Earthquakes
Happen
Diagrams= Normal
Diagrams= Normal
Diagrams= Normal
Diagrams= Normal
Diagrams= Normal
Diagrams= Normal
Diagrams= Normal
Diagrams= Normal
Diagrams= Normal
Diagrams= Normal
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Reverse or Thrust Fault
Types of Faults animation
AND reverse
Graben or Rift Valley
Animation horst,
graben normal
A few more visuals (you’ll do on
your sheet as questions)
• How seismograph
works 
Focus of earthquake animation
Seismograph readings animation
Unit 1.5: Folding
• tangential (sideways)
pressure = buckles
the sediments into
giant folds
Bent NOT straight
• folding VERY SLOW
=exposed rocks being
worn way the whole
time… so while being
pushed up, also
being worn down.
Unit 1.5: Folding
Diagrams
• Anticline/ Syncline
• Inversion of Relief
Pressures on Folding animation
Recumbent fold
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
WHAT IS IT?
• transfer magma from
one area to another
• Many crustal
weaknesses (BUT
NOT ALWAYS!)
BBC Volcano description
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• WHERE IS IT?
• 2 great belts
RING OF FIRE
• MEDITERRANEAN
SEA
• EARTHQUAKES are
generally associated
• with the same
regions of the world
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• NEGATIVES
tremendous
explosions
(‘rock rain’)
• [Mt Vesuvius
(Pompeii) —
79CE rock
fragments.
Suffocated &
• buried people in
volcanic dust ]
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• flows of hot lava
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• NEGATIVES
 tsunamis
• [Krakatau—1883
(dormant 200 yrs.) 3
months of small
explosions/
earthquakes…then 4
huge
• explosions heard 4800
km away! (broke
windows 160 km away)]
Formation of tsunami animation
BBC video tsunami
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• NEGATIVES
 nuées ardentes
• [Mount Pelée: 1902—
dark cloud of hot gas &
steam burst @
1km/min… “burning
cloud”…Town in flames
(30000 killed in
minutes)]
•  earthquakes
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
POSITIVES
• Soils—mineral
rich create some of
best farming
possible
• [Island of Java: 30
active volcanoes,
new soil all the
time… world’s most
productive tropical
area, Hawaii, Kenya]
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• POSITIVES
• Tourism—see
volcano, mtn scenes
pretty, caldera lakes =
water recreation
[Hawaii]
•  Minerals
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• Intrusive
• magma penetrates &
does not reach
surface hard in
cracks and cavities
(“intrudes” in rock =
intrusive)
• Not big notice on
land, important lots
of minerals in them!
Diagram: Sill, Batholith, Laccolith, Caldera, Dyke = Volcanic neck, crater
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• Extrusive
• magma flows to
surface
• When only small
opening, lava/ rock
fragments/ dust/ build
into cone-shaped
structure with opening
at top… known as
volcano
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• CINDER
•  ACID MAGMA…
•  Steep sides and
small size
•  Neck often plugs
(cools quick)
Explosive nature
Diagram
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• SHEILD
•  BASIC MAGMA…
•  Cools more slowly and large area large and
gentle slopes
•  Low explosive
Ocean to ocean
convergent plate
boundaries
And OceanContinent
Convergent
Boundary (bottom
page)
Diagram
Unit 1.5: Volcanoes
• COMPOSITE
•  Alternate layers ash and lava
• Lava = width/ cinder = height
Diagram
Explosion Mt St Helens Animation