Transcript List 1 - arbuthnotbraingame

Super continent
Extinct American Volcano
List 1
Be aware: there are more
Mantle
. The portion of the
earth, about 1800 mi.
(2900 km) thick,
between the crust and
the core.
Alfred Wegner
• He is most notable for his theory of continental
drift (Kontinentalverschiebung), proposed in
1912, which hypothesized that the continents
were slowly drifting around the Earth. However,
Wegener was unable to demonstrate a
mechanism for continental drift, which, combined
with his mostly circumstantial evidence, meant
that his hypothesis was not accepted until the
1950s, when numerous discoveries provided
evidence of continental drift.[1][2]
Boundaries
Convection Currents
Lithosphere
• The lithosphere is the rigid outermost
shell of a rocky planet. It comprises the
crust and the portion of the upper mantle
that behaves elastically on time scales of
thousands of years
Mantle
• The mantle is a highly viscous layer
between the crust and the outer core.
Earth's mantle is a rocky shell about
2,890 km (1,800 mi) thick[1] that
constitutes about 84 percent of Earth's
volume.[
Ocean Rift
Pangea
• was the supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic
and Mesozoic eras about 250 million years ago, before
the component continents were separated into their
current configuration.[2]
• The name was coined in the scientific discussion of
Alfred Wegener's theory of the Continental drift. In his
book "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" (Die
Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane) he postulated
that all the continents had at one time formed a single
supercontinent which he called the "Urkontinent", before
later breaking up and drifting to their present locations.
The term Pangaea appeared in 1928 during a
symposium to discuss Alfred Wegener's theory.[3]
Pangea
Pangea
Ridge
• general term for an underwater mountain
system that consists of various mountain
ranges (chains), typically having a valley
known as a rift running along its spine,
formed by plate tectonics. This type of
oceanic ridge is characteristic of what is
known as an oceanic spreading center,
which is responsible for seafloor spreadin
Ridge
Sea Floor Spreading
Subduction
Ocean Trench
• A deep-sea trench is a narrow, elongate, vshaped depression in the ocean floor. Trenches
are the deepest parts of the ocean, and the
lowest points on Earth, reaching depths of nearly
7 mi (10 km) below sea level. These long,
narrow, curving depressions can be thousands
of miles in length, yet as little as 5 mi (8 km) in
width. Deep-sea trenches are part of a system of
tectonic processes termed subduction.
Subduction zones are one type of convergent
plate
Volcano(es)
• Composite Volcanoes (also called strato
volcanoes),
• Shield Volcanoes (also called shields),
• Cinder Cones,
Volcanoes
• Volcanic ash is a volcanic rock which is
exploded from a vent in fragments less
than 2mm in size. Volcanic ash-particles
are like small sharp glass-particles that
damage anything they come across.
Core
• the central portion of
the earth, having a
radius of about 2100
mi. (3379 km) and
believed to be
composed mainly of
iron and nickel in a
molten state.
Earth’s Plate (crust)
• the outer layer of the
earth, about 22 mi.
(35 km) deep under
the continents and 6
mi. (10 km) deep
under the oceans.
Fault
• Fracture that occurs
when rocks change
shape by breaking;
can form as a result
of compression
(reverse fault), being
pulled apart (normal
fault), or shear (strikeslip fault)
Convergent Fault
• When two plates
come together, the
result is a convergent
fault
Divergent Fault
• A divergent fault
occurs when two
plates are moving
away from each other.
Slide-Past Fault
• A fault that occurs
when two plates slide
past each other is
known as a slide-past
fault.
Igneous Rock
• Rocks formed by the
cooling and solidifying
of molten materials.
Igneous rocks can
form beneath the
Earth's surface, or at
its surface, as lava.
Metamorphic Rock
• Forms when heat,
pressure, or fluids act
on igneous,
sedimentary, or other
metamorphic rock
and affect its form or
composition, or both
Sedimentary Rock
• Forms when
sediments are
compacted and
cemented together or
when minerals come
out of solution or are
left behind by
evaporation
How boring is this
Rock Cycle (yippee….not)
• the process by which
rocks are formed,
altered, destroyed,
and reformed by
geological processes
and which is
recurrent, returning to
a starting point
Richter Scale
• A logarithmic scale
used to express the
total amount of
energy released by
an earthquake. Its
values typically fall
between 0 and 9, with
each increase of 1
representing a 10-fold
increase in energy.
Earthquake (boom!)
• A sudden movement of
the Earth's lithosphere
(its crust and upper
mantle). Earthquakes are
caused by the release of
built-up stress within
rocks along geologic
faults or by the movement
of magma in volcanic
areas. They are usually
followed by aftershocks.
Magma
• The molten rock
material that
originates under the
Earth's crust.
Lava
• the molten, fluid rock
that issues from a
volcano or volcanic
vent.
Foliated Rock
• Metamorphic rock,
such as slate and
gneiss, whose
mineral grains flatten
and line up in parallel
layers
Non-foliated rock
• Metamorphic rock,
such as quartzite and
mineral grains grow
and rearrange but do
not form layers
Intrusive
• having been forced
between preexisting
rocks or rock layers
while in a molten or
plastic condition.
Extrusive
• igneous rocks that
have been forced out
in a molten or plastic
condition upon the
surface of the earth
and cools quickly.
• The condition of being full to or beyond
satisfaction
• The molten rock material that originates
under the Earth's crust
• A logarithmic scale used to express the
total amount of energy released by an
earthquake. Its values typically fall
between 0 and 9, with each increase of 1
representing a 10-fold increase in energy
• igneous rocks that have been forced out in
a molten or plastic condition upon the
surface of the earth and cools quickly.
• Metamorphic rock, such as quartzite and
mineral grains grow and rearrange but do
not form layers
• A divergent fault occurs when two plates
are moving away from each other.
• the outer layer of the earth, about 22 mi.
(35 km) deep under the continents and 6
mi. (10 km) deep under the oceans.
• Forms when heat, pressure, or fluids act
on igneous, sedimentary, or other
metamorphic rock and affect its form or
composition, or both
• having pores or openings that permit
liquids or gases to pass through
• the act of contaminating or polluting;
including (either intentionally or
accidentally) unwanted substances or
factors
• a tract of low wet land, often treeless and
periodically inundated, generally
characterized by a growth of grasses,
sedges, cattails, and rushes.
The portion of the earth, about 1800 mi.
(2900 km) thick, between the crust and the
core.
• Forms when sediments are compacted
and cemented together or when minerals
come out of solution or are left behind by
evaporation
• When two plates come together, the result
is a convergent fault
• Rocks formed by the cooling and
solidifying of molten materials. Igneous
rocks can form beneath the Earth's
surface, or at its surface, as lava.
• Metamorphic rock, such as slate and
gneiss, whose mineral grains flatten and
line up in parallel layers
• having been forced between preexisting
rocks or rock layers while in a molten or
plastic condition
• the molten, fluid rock that issues from a
volcano or volcanic vent.
• the process by which rocks are formed,
altered, destroyed, and reformed by
geological processes and which is
recurrent, returning to a starting point
• An underground layer of permeable rock,
sediment (usually sand or gravel), or soil
that yields water. The pore spaces in
aquifers are filled with water and are
interconnected, so that water flows
through them
• Fracture that occurs when rocks change
shape by breaking; can form as a result of
compression (reverse fault), being pulled
apart (normal fault), or shear (strike-slip
fault)
• A fault that occurs when two plates slide
past each other is known as a slide-past
fault.
• A hole or low place in land or rock, where
waters sink and are lost.
• A sudden movement of the Earth's
lithosphere (its crust and upper mantle).
Earthquakes are caused by the release of
built-up stress within rocks along geologic
faults or by the movement of magma in
volcanic areas. They are usually followed
by aftershocks
• the water beneath the surface of the
ground, consisting largely of surface water
that has seeped down: the source of water
in springs and wells.
• the central portion of the earth, having a
radius of about 2100 mi. (3379 km) and
believed to be composed mainly of iron
and nickel in a molten state.
Dedicated By Yours Truly
Rebecca Jeanne Arbuthnot
The daughter of:
Gregg Arbuthnot
HAVE A NICE DAY 