Transcript Plate Tectonics

Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Vocabulary
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A: Sea-floor spreading.
Q: What backed up Wegener’s
theory of continental drift?
A:
•Convergent
•Divergent
•Transform.
Q: What are the three types of
plate boundaries?
A:
•A terrane contains rock and fossils
that differ from the rock and fossils
of neighboring terranes.
•There are major faults at the
boundaries of a terrane.
•The magnetic properties of a
terrane generally do not match
those of neighboring terranes.
Q: What are the three
characteristics a terrane can be
classified by?
A: It is the process when cool
material sinks in the mantle, and
hot material rises. As this
process continues, the plates
move with the motion.
Q: What is mantle convection?
A:
•The same exact fossil was found on
two different continents split by the
Atlantic Ocean.
•The mountains had the same rock
ages as mountains on the other side
of an ocean.
•There were tropical plant fossils
that were found in Antarctica where
they can’t grow.
•There is evidence of glaciers where
they couldn’t be.
Q: Name four examples of
Wegener’s theory of continental
drift.
A:
•Folded mountains
•Fault-block mountains
•Dome mountains
•Volcanic mountains
Q: What are the 4 types of
mountains?
A: A normal faults crust move
away from each other, while a
reverse faults crust is moving up
and over a footwall.
Q: What is the difference between a
normal fault and a reverse fault?
A:
•Circum-Pacific belt
•Eurasian belt.
Q: What are Earths 2 major
mountain belts?
A: The movements of the
lithosphere to reach isostacy.
Q: What are isostatic adjustments?
A:
•Compression is the type of
stress that squeezes and shortens
a body.
•Tension is the type of stress that
occurs when a body is stretched
and pulled apart.
•Sheer stress distorts a body by
pushing parts of the body in
opposite directions.
Q: What are the 3 types of stress,
and what are their characteristics?
A: The epicenter is on Earth’s
surface right above the focus.
Q: Where is the epicenter compared
to the focus of an earthquake?
A: The moment magnitude scale
Q: What is the modern tool for
measuring the magnitude of an
earthquake?
A:
•Love wave - the rock moves sideto-side and perpendicular
•Rayleigh waves move rocks in
elliptical rolling motion
Q: Name both SURFACE waves
and how rocks move compared to
their wave movements?
A: First, a lag time graph for the
difference of arrival times of P and
S waves is created. This can
determine how far the epicenter is
from each seismograph station.
After getting this information it is
plugged into a computer and
triangulations are created to give
the location.
Q: What is the modern method for
locating the epicenter of an
earthquake?
A: 2 blocks of crust pressed against
each other at a fault are under stress
but do not move because friction
holds them in place. As stress
builds up at the fault, the crust
deforms. The rock fractures and
then snaps back into its original
shape, which causes an earthquake.
Q: What is the elastic rebound
theory?
A: The largest amount of magma
comes from mid-ocean ridges.
Q: Where does the largest amount
of magma come from?
A:
•Quiet eruptions
•Lava flows
•Explosive eruptions
•Types of pyroclastic material form
when magma breaks into fragments
during an eruption
Q: Name the 4 types of volcanic
explosions.
A: Formed by the sub-duction of
plates along the Pacific Coasts of
North America, South America,
Asia, and the Islands of the Western
Pacific Ocean.
Q: What forms the Pacific Ring
of Fire?
A: A Caldera forms during a
volcanic reaction. Volcanic
eruptions partially empty the
magma chamber. The top of the
cone collapses inward to form a
caldera.
Q: How does a Caldera form?
A:
•The temperature of rock rises
above the melting point of the
minerals the rock is composed of,
and the rock will melt.
•If enough pressure is removed
from the rock, the melting point
will decrease and the rock will
melt.
•The addition of fluids, such as
water, may decrease the melting
point of some minerals in the rock
and cause the rock to melt.
Q: List the three ways magma
forms.
A: It is the hypothesis that states
the continents once formed a single
landmass, broke up, and drifted to
their present locations.
Q: What is the theory of continental
drift?
A: It describes magma or igneous
rock that is rich in feldspar and
silica and that is generally light in
color.
Q: What is mafic?
A: It is the study of the alignment
of magnetic minerals in rock,
specifically as it relates to the
reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles;
also the magnetic properties that
rock acquires during formation.
Q: What is paleomagnetism?
A: It is the bending, tilting, and
breaking of Earth’s crust; the
change in shape or volume of rock
in response to stress.
Q: What is deformation?
A:
•It is a primary wave, or
compression wave
•A seismic wave that causes
particles of rock to move in a backand-forth direction in which the
wave is traveling
•P waves are the fastest seismic
waves and can travel through
solids, liquids, and gases.
Q: Name all the properties of a P
Wave.