Transcript Topography and Faults

Faults & Topography
What’s a Fault?
A fault is a break in the rock that makes up
the Earth’s crust.
The surfaces on either side of the break
move past each other, becoming
displaced.
Types of Faults
Dip Slips
Change in vertical direction (up and down).
Thrust Fault
Normal Fault
Types of Faults
Strike Slips
Change in horizontal direction (side to
side).
Right-lateral
Left-lateral
What Causes Faults?
Stresses and strains on the earth’s upper
layers create breaks (faults) in the earth’s
crust. These stresses are caused by
things like:
• Plate boundary movements
• Thermal expansion and contraction
• Gravitational forces
To learn more about Plate Boundaries, click here.
Faults Across the Globe
Faults were found near Kaliningrad,
Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.
Faults Across the Globe
Faults possibly due to earthquake in 2004.
Faults Across the Globe
Faults Across the Globe
What kind of fault is this?
Faults Across the Globe
San Andreas fault
in California
occurred as a
result of the 1906
San Francisco
earthquake.
Topography
• Topography is the study of the earth’s
surface.
• A Topographic Map is a representation of
the earth’s 3-D surface on a flat piece of
paper.
• Topographic Maps show important
geographical features, landmarks, and land
contours.
• Land contours are shown by contour lines.
Topographic Map
• Contour lines are curves that connect
congruent points of the same altitude.
• Rules of Contour Maps:
– The Rule of O’s
– The Spacing of Contours
– The Contour Interval
Topographic Maps
Contour
Line
Topographic Maps
What are some
major differences
between these
topographic maps?
How’s It Used?
Can you think of some ways a topographic
map might be used?
Topographic Maps are used in:
– Geographic Planning
– Architecture
– Civil Engineering
– Earth Sciences
– Mining
– Hiking