Transcript 117 Ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents

Get Ready to Pass the
Earth Science Exam
NOTE: THIS PICTURE SHOWS A STUDENT STUDYING –
SOMETHING MOST OF YOU HAVE NEVER TRIED. IT WORKS!
1. The same substance always
has the same density
2. As pressure increases, density
increases
3. As
temperature
increases,
density
decreases
4. Water is most
dense at 4o
C, when it is
a liquid
5. Water expands when it freezes
6. Most changes are cyclic
7. The true shape of the Earth is
an oblate spheroid, but from space
it looks like a perfect sphere.
8. The best model of the earth is a sphere
9. The
altitude of
Polaris is
equal to your
latitude on
Earth!
10. To
determine the
earth’s
circumference,
the altitude of
the sun is
needed at 2
locations.
11.
Latitude
lines run
east-west,
but
measure
distances
N – S.
12. Longitude lines run N – S, but
measure distances E – W.
13.
Longitude is
based on
observations
of the sun.
14. The closer the isolines
(isobars, isotherms, contours), the
steeper the gradient!
15. The earth rotates from West to
East (24 hours) or
counterclockwise
16. The earth revolves
counterclockwise around the sun
(365 ¼ days)
17. All celestial objects appear to
rise in the east and set in the west.
18. The moon has phases
because of the angle at which we
view it (Half is ALWAYS lit!).
19. Planets appear to go
backwards (retrograde motion) as
the earth passes them in space.
20. Summer Solstice is
June 21st
21. Winter Solstice is
December 21st
22. Equinoxes: March
21st and September
21st
23. The equator always receives
12 hours of daylight.
24. The lower the altitude of the
sun, the longer the shadow it casts.
25. Foucault’s pendulum and the
coriolis effect prove the earth
rotates.
26. Earth is closer to the sun in the
winter.
Winter
27. The closer the planet is to the
sun, the faster it moves!
28. Black absorbs/white reflects.
Good absorbers are good
radiators.
29. The half-life of a radioactive
element cannot be changed!
30. Ocean crust is thin
and made of basalt.
31. Continental crust is
thick and made of
granite!
32. Energy moves from source to
sink (high concentration to low
concentration).
33. Mountains form by uplift.
34. Chemical weathering
occurs most rapidly
in warm, moist
climates and involves
a change in chemical
composition of the
rock.
35. Physical weathering
occurs most rapidly
in cold, moist
climates due to frost
action.
36. Air moves
clockwise and
outward around a
high pressure
system.
36. Air moves
counterclockwise
and toward the
center of a low
pressure system.
37. As temperature
increases, air
pressure
decreases.
(Indirect)
38. As moisture
increases,
pressure
decreases
(Indirect).
39. Air pressure
decreases with
altitude.
40. High pressure is cool and dry;
low is warm and wet!
41. Winds are due to air pressure
differences.
42. Wind blows from areas of
high pressure to low pressure
43. Wind is named from the
direction it is coming!
44. The closer the air temperature
and dew point temperature the
greater the chance of precipitation
(increased humidity).
45. Weather moves from West to
East in the United States.
46. Cold Front
47. Cold fronts move the fastest!
Cold fronts force warm air up and are associated with
short narrow bands of heavy precipitation and
thunder/lightning in advance of the front!
48. Warm Front
Warm fronts ride up the back of cold air and produce
longer periods of steady rain and occur both in front of
and behind the advancing front.
49. Occluded Front
50. Porosity does NOT depend on
particle size.
51. As particle size increases,
permeability increases!
52. Capillarity increases when
particle size decreases.
53. Potential evapotranspiration
depends on temperature.
54. Dynamic equilibrium means
balance.
55. Apparent diameter of objects (sun,
moon) gets larger when the object is closer
to Earth (perihelion/perigee)
56. Vertical rays (overhead sun)
can occur between 23 ½ o N and
23 1/2o S.
57. Index fossils are good time
markers (widely spread, lived a
short time).
58. Air cools as it rises.
59. Water bodies moderate
temperature (cooler summers/warmer
winters) along the coast.
60. Expansional cooling:
Orographic effect!
61. Gravity is the primary force
behind ALL erosional agents!
62. Streams are the number
one agent of erosion.
B/C there is so much of
it on Earth!
63. Stream velocity depends
on slope and discharge.
1.
Increase in slope =
increased velocity and
increased discharge.
64. Velocity is fastest
on the outside of a
meander bend.
65. Heavy, round and dense particles settle out first
(Graded bedding).
66. Bedding (vertical sorting): biggest sentiments
are on bottom!
Horizontal Sorting – Biggest
is located near the shore
67. Glacial sediments are unsorted,
unconsolidated, scratched, create U-shaped
valleys!
68. Sedimentary rocks – strata – flat layers
– most likely to have fossils
69. Igneous rock: cools fast, small crystals;
cools slow, big crystals
70. Metamorphic – banding, foliation or
distorted structure
71. Mineral properties depend on
internal atomic arrangement.
- it will determine the hardness, cleavage
72. Silicon + oxygen = tetrahedron
73. Isostasy: earth’s crust in
equilibrium
74. Mid-ocean ridge – new earth
being created – sea floor
spreading.
75. Trenches – earth being
destroyed – subduction zone
76. P waves travel faster than S waves.
77. P waves travel through liquid and solids –
S waves only travel through solids.
78. Three (3) seismic stations are needed to
locate the epicenter of an earthquake.
Locating the epicenter
80. In undisturbed
strata – the
bottom layer
is the oldest
LAW OF
SUPERPOSITION
81. Intrusion and faults are
younger than the rock they cut
across!
82. Unconformity means erosion
followed by deposition.
83. Arid landscape: steep slopes
with sharp angles.
84. Humid landscape: smooth with
rounded slopes.
85. Uranium 235 dates old
rocks.
86. Carbon 14 dates recent
living objects.
87. Convection currents in the
mantle move plates.
88. When a rock is broken into
smaller pieces, surface area
increases and weathering
increases.
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