Transcript MB Chapter 02

Habitat
•Where an
organism lives
Ocean Basin
•Depressions filed
with sea water that
we call oceans
Pacific
•Largest and
deepest
Atlantic & Indian
•About half the size
as the Pacific &
almost as deep
Arctic
•Smallest and
shallowest
Density
•Mass per unit
volume
•D = m/V
Earth's Structure
• Inner core: 0-1200 km
• Outer core: 1200-2500 km
• Mantle: 2500-6300 km
• Crust: Outer most 100 km
Oceanic Crust
• Crust directly under
oceans
• thin & dense
• made of mostly basalt
Continental Crust
• Crust containing the
continents
• thick & less dense
• Made of mostly granite
Plate Tectonics
• The Earth’s crust is made
up of many plate that are
in constant motion
Pangaea
• Original supercontinent
containing all of the
present day continents
Plate Boundary
• Crack between plates
• Where two plate meet
• Fault line
• Rift
Types of Boundaries
• Mid-ocean Ridges
• Subduction Boundary
• Shear Boundary
• Mountain Range
Mid-Ocean Ridge
• Spreading center
• Continuous chain of volcanic
submarine mountains that
encircle the globe
• Like seams on a baseball
Subduction
• When an oceanic plate slides
under another plate
• Both volcanic and
earthquake activity occur
• Forms very deep trenches
Shear Boundary
• When two plates slide
parallel to each other
• Only earthquake activity
• San Andreas Fault
Mountain Range
• Forms when two
continental plates collide
Hot Spot
• Forms when there is enough
heat upwelling to form a
volcano, but not enough to
form a mid-ocean ridge
Continental Margin
• Where the continent
meets the sea
Active Margin
• A continental margin that is
geologically active
• A continental margin near a
plate boundary
• USA’s west coast
Passive Margin
• A continental margin with no
geological activity
• A continental margin not
near a plate boundary
• USA’s east coast
Sediment
• Loose material like sand or
mud that settles to the bottom
of any body of water
• Sediment thickness increases
as you move from m-o-r
Types of Sediment
• Lithogenous: from a nonliving source
• Biogenous: from a living
source
Calcareous Ooze
• Carbon based sediment
• Sediment containing
calcium carbonate
• CaCO3
Siliceous Ooze
• Silicon based sediment
• Sediment containing
silicon dioxide or silicates
-4
• SiO2 or SiO4
Seamounts
•Oceanic volcanoes that
do not penetrate the
surface of the ocean
Guyots
• Flat-topped seamounts
• Seamounts that are no
longer active
Hydrothermal Vent
• Oceanic hot spot where
hot gases escape through
the ocean floor
Black Smoker
• Another name for
hydrothermal vents
• As hydrogen sulfide gas
precipitates in cold water,
you get a black precipitate
Passive Margins Parts
• Continental shelf
• Shelf break
• Continental slope
• Continental rise
• The Abyss
Continental Shelf
• Nearly flat, slightly
sloping, not too deep area
just off the shoreline
Shelf Break
• Where the continental
shelf abruptly breaks off
into a steep slope
Continental Slope
• The steeply sloping part
of the margin that goes
from the shelf break to
the ocean floor
Continental Rise
• Where sediment builds up
between the slope and the
abyss
The Abyss
•The Ocean Floor
•The Abyssal plain
Active Margin Parts
• Continental Shelf
• Shelf Break
• Continental Slope
• Trench
• The Abyss
Pelagic
• In the water column or at
any depth in the sea
Pelagic Zones
• Epipelagic
• Mesopelagic
• Bathopelagic
• Abyssopelagic
• Hadopelagic
Epipelagic Zone
• Surface water where light
can penetrate &
photosynthesis can take
place
• Photic zone
Mesopelagic Zone
• Middle zone, just below the
epipelagic where no light
penetrates, but is shadowy
• Twilight zone
Bathopelagic Zone
• Deep ocean water where no
light penetrates and it is pitch
black
• Complete darkness
Abyssopelagic Zone
• The water near the sea
floor
• Bottom water
Hadopelagic Zone
• Sea water in the deep
trenches
• Trench water
The Deep Sea
• Because the bathopelagic,
abyssopelagic, &
hadopelagic zones are so
similar, they are lumped
together as the deep sea