Transcript Quito - Class Notes For Mr. Pantano

San Fransisco
 Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or
sudden shock of the earth’s surface.
 They happen along "fault lines" in the
earth’s crust.
 Felt over large areas
 Usually last less than 1 minute
 Cannot be predicted -- scientists are
working on it!
Tectonic Plate Boundary Types
Richter Scale
The intensity of an earthquake can be measured
using the Richter scale
 A magnitude 7.0 on a Richter scale is a major
earthquake.
 6.0 is considered strong
 5.0 can cause damage
 Below 4.0 usually does not cause damage
 Anything below 2.0 usually can’t be felt
*The Northridge Earthquake, which hit Southern
California in 1994, was magnitude 6.7
 San Francisco, CA
April 18, 1906
5:12 a.m.
Magnitude: 8.25
Length of time: 40 seconds
Deaths: 700 to 2,500 people
Note: The "Great San Francisco Earthquake" is one
of the strongest ever recorded in North America.
Much of the city was destroyed by the strong
shaking, which toppled buildings, and by the fires
that followed
1906 San Francisco earthquake
 The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 was a
major earthquake that struck San Francisco,
California and the coast of Northern California.
 The main shock epicenter* occurred offshore
about 3 km from the city
 It ruptured along the San Andreas Fault for a
total length of 477 km
 The earthquake and resulting fire one of the
worst natural disasters in the history of the
U.S.
 The death toll estimated to be above 3,000.
 The economic impact was great.
Subsequent fires
 The fires that burned out of control afterward the
earthquake were much more destructive.
 About 90% of the total destruction was a result from
the subsequent fire.
 Most of the structures destroyed that day collapsed
from the movement of the earth before the fires got to
them.
 Poor building standards at the time caused buildings to
collapse.
 Some fires broke because of ruptured natural gas pipes
broken by the quake.
 One landmark building lost in the fire was the
Palace Hotel, subsequently rebuilt, which had
many famous visitors, including royalty and
celebrated performers.
Some of the greatest losses from fire
were in scientific laboratories
 Nearly 1,500 specimens at the California
Academy of Sciences , including the entire type
specimen collection for a newly discovered and
extremely rare species were saved, before the
remainder of the largest botanical collection in
the western United States was consumed by
fire.
 The entire laboratory and all the records of
Benjamin R. Jacobs, a biochemist who was
researching the nutrition of everyday foods, was
lost.
 Another treasure lost in the fires was the original
California flag used in the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt at
Sonoma, which at the time was being stored in a
state building
Benjamin R. Jacobs - March 15 1954 –
75 years old n San Francisco
Aftermath and reconstruction
 Property losses been estimated to be more than
$400 million.
 In the rush to rebuild the city, building
standards were in fact lowered instead of
strengthened.
 Part of the rush to rebuild was the desire to be
ready for an international exposition set to be
hosted in 1915.
Bird's-eye view, surrounding Ferry Building. Looking west
on Market Street
The Importance of Building Codes
 Building codes first came into use to protect
communities from potential earthquake damage
(1930s).
 It ensured the same standards of health and
safety across any nation.
 These standards ensure the quality of
construction before a disaster.
 This makes Emergency Aid/relief Organization's
work much easier, both before and after a
disaster.
Building Codes*
 A code is a body of laws that must be obeyed by
constracters.
 A building code requires that a building or facility be
located, designed, and constructed so that any
threat to life, health, and welfare of its occupants
and the public is minimized or prevented
Consequences of Earthquakes:
 Human casualties (death)
 Loss of livestock in rural areas
 Property damage or homelessness
 Medical services are disrupted (no doctor or
medication available)
 Jobless if company moves away
 Temporary unemployment if company is
destroyed
 No transportation services
 Damage to infrastructure (bridges, roads & buildings are
closed due to damage)
 Economy suffers due to job losses and extra money needed
to clean up and repair
 Home insurance increases (goes up)
 Emergency services are disrupted or overwhelmed with
rescue efforts.
Measures We Must Take to Lessen the
consequences:
1. Build earthquake resistant homes, buildings and
bridges.
2. Invest in high-technology equipment which can
detect earthquakes before they occur.
3. Set in place a warning system to give enough to
prepare (if time permits of course!)
4. Set in place of crisis management team with a
good action plan.
5. Train emergency services to (police officers,
911 operators, firefighters and paramedics)
deal with crisis.
QUITO,
Ecuador
 Quito is a city in Ecuador.
 Ecuador is a country.
 It is found in South America.
Topographical zones
 The city of Quito is divided into three zones
(areas), separated by hills
a)Central part:
 This is the historical, colonial part of the city
 Tourist zone
b) Southern part:
 This area is mainly industrial and residential,
a working-class neighborhood
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/NorteDeQuito.jpg/800px-NorteDeQuito.jpg
c) Northern part:
 This is modern Quito, with high-rise
buildings, shopping centers, the financial
district and upper class (affluent)
neighborhoods, and some working-class
neighborhoods
 Mariscal Sucre International Airport is in the
northern part.
Seven killed in Ecuador military plane
crash
An Ecuadorian military plane crashed into an
apartment building in northern Quito, killing
seven people
The crash set the five-storey building ablaze
and prompted a major search and rescue
operation by firefighters
It crashed near a luxury hotel in Quito as it
approached the capital city's airport
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8i0zrh
DqkpM
The area has been the scene of at
least four plane mishaps in recent
years
A similar accident killed Ecuador's
tourism minister, Pedro Zambrano.
Public Transportation


Close to 2 million people commute per day
Most commuters* use public transportation
*commuter - A person who regularly travels
from one place to another, typically to work
Different types of public transportation:
 Privately-owned buses
 Trolley buses or cable cars
 City transit buses (city-owned, like in
Montreal)
Electric Trolley Bus
A trolleybus (also known as
trolley bus, trolley coach,
trackless trolley, trackless
tram [in early years][1] or
trolley[2][3][4]) is an electric
bus that draws its electricity
from overhead wires
(generally suspended from
roadside posts) using springloaded trolley poles. Two wires
and poles are required to
complete the electrical circuit.
In Montreal…
 Public transit is operated by the
 It’s services include network of buses,
subways, and commuter trains that extend
across and off the island
Problems in Quito:

Large city of about 3 million people
A) Quito’s infrastructure* is in bad shape:
*By infrastructure we mean all the services
and facilities provided by a city such as:
 Roads (need to be repaired)
 Water (consistency)
 Sewage system
 Emergency services (doctors, police etc.)
 Trash collection
 Parks, etc.
The Issue of Having
Consistent Water Supply
 Quito gets all of its water from the rivers
draining from high volcanic ridges* of the
Andean mountains.
*A ridge is any long raised strip; a long narrow
range of hills.
 Water pipes transport this water from the
mountains to Quito.
 The “threat” to Quito is having a consistent
supply of water. This means making sure
there is enough water to continue to supply
Quito’s needs.
Quilotoa
 Quilotoa is beautiful crater lake
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Panorama_quilotoa_crater_lake_ecuador.jpg/800px-Panorama_quilotoa_crater_lake_ecuador.jpg
B) There is a lot of poverty, particularly
among indigenous people like the
Andeans.
 Despite the poverty and disrepair of many
buildings, the churches and cathedrals are
really beautiful.
Transportation
 Most people use public transportation (buses)
and taxis to travel around the city.
 More and more people are buying private
vehicles (cars!) even though the cost is twice
the price in the United States.
Northern Quito's
Business District
Northern Quito
as seen from
the Aerial
tramway Station
at Cruz Loma
(part of the
Pichincha
mountain
complex at
about 4,000 m.
Old Town
 UNESCO recognized Quito's historical
centre as a World Heritage site in 1978.
 The historic centre is one of the best-
preserved, least altered districts in Latin
America.
 Strictly controlled development has kept
it wonderfully preserved.
Outside the city
 Pululahua is a volcano near Quito.
 Its crater is visible.
 It is believed to be one of only craters in
the world with human inhabitants.
A volcanic crater
is a circular
depression in the
ground caused by
volcanic activity.

The capital of
Ecuador, Quito
lies at the foot
of the Pichincha
volcano, and has
been damaged
several times by
the area's
frequent
earthquakes
 Quito is the only capital in the world to be
directly menaced (threatened) by an
active volcano.
 Guagua Pichincha, only 21 km west, has
continuing activity and is under constant
monitoring.
 The largest eruption occurred in 1660
when over 25 cm of ash covered the city.
 The latest eruption was recorded on October
5 and 7, 1999, when a large amount of ash
was deposited on the city.
 The eruption caused significant disruption of
activities, including closing of the
international airport.
 Nearby volcanic eruptions can also affect
Quito.
 The city was showered with ash for several
days after an eruption occurred in the
Reventador volcano (2002).
 The region also is vulnerable to earthquakes.
 The worst-known earthquake to have hit Quito
occurred in 1797 and killed 40,000 people.
 The most recent major seismic event, with a
magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale, occurred in
1987 with an epicentre about 80 km from the
city.
 It killed an estimated 1,000 near the epicenter,
but Quito itself suffered only minor damage.
 On October 16, 2006, the city felt a quake
measuring 4.1 on the Richter scale, but no major
damage was reported.
The Richter scale
The intensity of an earthquake can be
measured using the Richter scale
 A magnitude 7.0 on a Richter scale is a major
earthquake.
 The Northridge Earthquake, which hit Southern
California in 1994, was magnitude 6.7
 6.0 is considered strong
 5.0 can cause damage
 Below 4.0 usually does not cause damage
 Anything below 2.0 usually can’t be felt
Epicentre:
http://www.answers.com/topic/focalpoint#
 The point of the earth's surface which is directly above
the focus* of an earthquake
 Focus point of origin of an earthquake.