Transcript Chapter 10 Test Review Notes

Chapter 10 Review
Place these notes in your
Notebook.
The deepest earthquakes tend to occur at
subduction boundaries.
The part of a seismograph that does not
move during an earthquake is the pen.
A minimum of 3 seismograph stations is
needed to locate an epicenter.
One seismograph station, by itself, can
determine the distance to the epicenter.
The Richter scale measures earthquake
magnitude.
The Mohorovicic discontinuity named after
Andrija Mohorovicic, occurs between the
crust and the mantle. A boundary between
dense rocks 50 km below the surface, and
shallower, less dense rocks.
Buildings on bedrock survive earthquakes
better than buildings on soil.
Soils under buildings may settle from severe
shaking.
Some soils under buildings become liquefied
due to severe shaking.
An earthquake with Richter magnitude 8
releases 961 times more energy than an
earthquake with Richter magnitude 6.
In an earthquake’s shadow zone neither P
waves nor S waves from the earthquake
are received.
Strain that builds up along faults at or
near plate boundaries is the cause of
most major earthquakes.
P waves, also called primary waves, can
travel through any material, and
squeeze and stretch rock materials.
Some surface waves cause particles of
rock to move from side to side.
Most modern seismograph stations have
equipment that records up-and-down
motions, north-south side-to-side
motions, and east-west side-to-side
motions.
There may be as many as 100
aftershocks in a day after an
earthquake.
Aftershocks can cause damage to
buildings.
Aftershocks are usually not as strong in
magnitude as the initial earthquake.
Which one is more seismically active?
Chicago, Illinois
Syracuse, New York
New Madrid, Missouri
Clermont, Florida
The New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 and 1812
occurred far from a plate boundary.
The location of the foci of earthquakes that
have occurred in the past along the fault
would help scientists identify where a seismic
gap may exist along a fault.
The fact that the outer core is a liquid has
been concluded and is supported by
studies of earthquake waves passing
through Earth.
Liquefaction would be most likely to occur
in loose sediments.
The transition zone separates the upper
mantle from the lower mantle.
Use the travel-time graph below to determine approximately
how many minutes it takes for a P wave and an S wave to
travel 8000 kilometers. P wave = 12 min S wave =20 min
Essay:
Explain how scientists could use seismograph
station data to locate the epicenter of an
earthquake.
To locate the epicenter of an earthquake,
scientists use data from three seismograph
stations. A reading from each station is used
to determine the distance of the epicenter
from the station. A circle is drawn whose
radius is this distance. Three circles are
drawn, one for each seismograph station.
The point at which all the circles intersect is
the epicenter.
Essay # 2
Describe some measures that can be
taken to decrease damage from
earthquakes.
Earthquake-prone regions should have
procedures to handle earthquakerelated emergencies. In addition,
implementing building codes derived
form scientific measurements can help
create buildings that can withstand the
shaking.