Transcript Revision Geography 2016 - Holly Lodge Girls` College

Year 9 Geography Revision
What is the Earth made up of?
The earth is just like a giant apple. It
has a thin layer called the crust, a
softer part called the mantle and a
liquid centre called the core.
Some time after the earth formed, it got
so hot that everything inside it melted.
The heavier substances in the liquid
sank and the lighter ones rose, forming
layers. As the earth cooled, most of the
layers turned solid.
Earth was formed 4,600 million years
ago. Since then it has been slowly
cooling down and a thin crust has
formed round the outside.
The crust is broken into several
enormous sections. The plates float
above hot molten. The place where 2
sections/plates meet is called a plate
boundary. The movement of these plate
cause volcanoes & earthquakes.
Earthquakes
An earthquake is a sudden and short
period of intense ground shaking.
1. Mercalli Scale
•The earthquakes
intensity is split into
twelve groups.
•Roman numerals I to
XII are used to show
the effects.
•It is based on
observation and
opinions.
2. Richter Scale
•This measures seismic
waves using a
seismograph.
•The Richter scale is
logarithmic: an
earthquake measured
at 7 is 10x stronger than
that at 6.
•Numbers range from 0
to 9
Earthquakes start at the focus.
The epicentre is the point on the Earth’s
surface above the focus, and is the first
place to shake.
The focus can be shallow or deep.
Underground tectonic plates push past
each other, building up pressure.
This pressure is suddenly released
along faults (cracks in the crust),
sending out a huge pulse of energy.
This travels out in all directions as
earthquake waves.
Volcanoes
A volcano has different parts to it. It grows
and each is different, but they all have
certain features including a chamber, a vent
and a crater. When they erupt, it can cause
many problems for the people who live
there. We saw that many people died when
Mount Vesuvius erupted, but there was a
sequence from not seeming too bad, to
everything destroyed. People have their own
reasons for living near to them. These
include:
1. They have always lived there.
2. They don’t think it will happen to them.
3. The fields are very rich in plant foods from
the ash.
United
Kingdom
China
ASIA
EUROPE
AFRICA
EQUATOR
EQUATOR
Austral
asia
Where on earth is
China?
One Child Policy
With a population of 1.2 billion, China's population grows by 14 million people every year —
three-quarters of Australia's entire population! Up until the 1970s the Chinese government
regarded a growing population as a benefit in bringing about economic development. By 1963,
the average number of children born to a Chinese woman was 7.5.
In recent decades, China's government has viewed population growth differently. With one-fifth
of the world's population, but only 7 per cent of the world's farm land, continuing strong
population growth would bring about great hardships, extreme poverty and famine.
The Chinese government decided in the 1970s to control population growth. This has proved a
very complex task. The main strategy the government introduced in 1982 was a radical family
planning program to encourage couples to restrict their family size to just one child. This has
become known as the 'One Child Policy'. Since 1982, detailed annual population plans have
been drawn up for all provinces and cities. Birth targets or quotas have been set and controlled
and all pregnancies are supposed to be planned and authorised.
Because the One Child Policy is implemented and monitored by local authorities, it has been
applied differently across the nation. For example, there has been stricter enforcement of the
policy in urban areas than in rural areas.
The policy is attempting a huge shift in the values of most Chinese people. Government
campaigns are still achieving only limited success.
Policy incentives
• salary bonus (urban)
• bigger land allocation (rural)
• extended maternity leave
• paid medical and hospital expenses
• priority access to housing, employment and schooling for the child
Disobeying the policy
• withdrawal of family allowance and medical benefits
• fines (even against everyone in the village or town)
• demotion or discharge from a government job
Exceptions to the rule
• membership of a minority ethnic group (can be allowed two or even more children)
• having a first child with a disability that is likely to result in inability to work
• pregnancy after adopting a child
• risk of 'losing the family line' without a second child (the first child being a girl)
• rural families with 'real difficulties' (all children so far being girls)
Rich people should
share their wealth
with the less
fortunate.
Churches and
religion may be
banned.
In a
communist
society
workers had
to work very
hard, for
long hours,
without much
rewards.
In communism
everybody is
guaranteed a
job, so there is
no
unemployment.
In a communist
society. The
state controls
all newspapers, books,
films and radio
programmes.
Basic Communist
Principles
* One Party
Dictatorship
* Industries and farms
owned and run by the
state
*No individual ownership
of property
* Individuals lives
tightly controlled.
Communist countries provide
free education, health
services and subsidised food
to millions of people who were
denied these under the old
Capitalist system.
Transport was cheap,
rents were cheap,
housing was cheap, and
most people had a job.
Communism did bring certain
things - a sense of community,
and a sense of society.
Although Capitalism is good at
manufacturing products. It is
unsuccessful at distributing products.
Only if you can afford the product, you
can have it. In America, only the rich
can afford the best health care,
schools and universities. Think about
the way our country is heading?? High
university bills? Private healthcare?
Capitalism is seen to make
"Considerable progress" on
ending poverty.
Factories and companies
should be owned by
individuals because…
People should be free to
earn as much (or little)
money as they want.
In a Capitalist
society you a
free to vote
for whatever
party you want.
Capitalism encourages people to
invent, improve and advance
technology.
Capitalism - An economic system that
features private ownership of the means of
production (such as factories, offices, and
shipping enterprises). Market forces
determine the way in which goods are
produced and the means by which income
and profit are distributed is called
capitalism.
Work for profit and wages which are not
equal
Capitalism is good at
mass producing and
allows competition in
the economy. With
capitalism you can
buy the cheapest
thing available.
Capitalism and
Democracy are usually
linked, A democracy is
a form of government
in which the people,
either directly or
indirectly, take part in
governing. The word
democracy originates
from Greek, and means
rule of the people.
The government may
set few controls on the
economy to ensure it
runs successfully (tax,
interest rates)
Foxcann is
the world’s
largest
electronics
factory.
Foxcann is owned by a
Taiwanese company, it
makes iPads, iPhones and
iPods for Apple.
An investigation occurred in
2010 after 10 people
committed suicide, the
investigation show that rules
were be broken on working
hours and the safety of
workers.
The factory has
tried to stop the
suicides by
hiring 2000
singers, dancers
and gym
trainers.
Also it is putting
up nets to
‘catch’ the
jumpers.
It promisd to rise
wages and
move workers
closer to their
homes.
Most
workers
live in
dorms
next to
the
factory
It employs over
300,000 people
and they get paid
30p an hour.
Apple promised to
check whether the
factory was safe and
whether it should
continue to make
products for them.
In 6 months 10 people
under the age of 25
jumped from the roofs
to their death.
The reasons why the
workers had jumped was
due to the 12 hour shifts
they worked and strict
working conditions.
Workers have to repeat their
tasks at high speed, under
military style supervision
every day. It may be so small
as to put one screw in a
certain place.
Some complaints of the
factory include not
being able to sit, take
toilet breaks, not
being paid for
overtime and poor
living conditions.
Workers
say they
get
beaten
with an
iron bar
and whips
The gap
between
rich and
poor is
already too
large.
The government have
said by 2020 no-one in
China would need to
worry about food and
clothing.
Some 27 million people
were classified as rural
poor last year by the
government, earning less
than 55 cents a day (30p)
China
now has
more
billionai
res than
any
other
country
except
the USA.
Girls are also
more at risk
than boys of
becoming
poor.
Is there poverty
in China?
Those classified as poor are
entitled to government help such
as subsidies, job training,
discounted loans and employment
opportunities
Development is the process of change for the better.
What is a Dam?
A dam is any barrier that holds back water; dams are
primarily used to save, manage, and/or prevent the flow of
excess water into specific regions. In addition, some dams
are used to generate hydropower.
Another term often used when discussing dams is
reservoir. A reservoir is a man-made lake that is primarily
used for storing water.