Transcript Where did the elements come from?

Where are the elements
How did they form?
Air
Earth
Water
Living
Things
Air
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Radioactive decay of
Uranium and Radon
N 2 & O2
Earth
Water
H 2O
Living
Things
Radioactive
decay of Radium.
Living
Things
All alkali (Group 1A) compounds
are soluble.
Sodium & Potassium
All halogen compounds are soluble
except those containing
Ag+, Hg2+, or Pb+2)
All nitrates (NO3-), chlorates (ClO3-)
and perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble.
Most sulfates (SO42-)
are soluble.
Calcium sulfate is
slightly soluble.
All carbonates (CO3-2), phosphates
(PO4+3), sulfides(S-2) are
insoluble.
LIMESTONE (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Nearly all metal oxides are
insoluble.
Abundance in
ppb by wt
%
Log
ppb by atoms
%
Universe
10,000,000
1
7
800,000
.08
Earth’s crust 460,000,000
46
8.7
600,000,000
60
Sea water 857,000,000
86
8.9
331,000,000
33
Human 610,000,000
61
8.8
240,000,000
24
1
100
X
107
107
10,000,000
1,000,000,000
$1000
$1000
103
321-
0-1102
$100
101
$10
-2100 10-1
$1 $.10
10-2
$.01
-3-
$100
$10
$1
$.10
$.01
Abundance in
ppb by wt
%
Log
ppb by atoms
%
Universe 750,000,000
75
8.88
930,000,000
93
1,500,000 0.15
6.18
310,000,000
31
Earth’s crust
Sea water 107,800,000
11
8.03
662,000,000
66
Human 100,000,000
10
8.00
620,000,000
62
Do the abundance of the elements
change? In other words, do elements
change into other elements?
Geiger Counter
Are elements formed in the caldron of a volcano?
Are elements changed to other elements in the
intense heat of a volcano (about 1,000oC for lava
and 2,000oC for inside volcano)?
Elements may separate from other elements or
combine with certain elements. There is not
enough heat in a volcano to change an element
into another element.
Here is silicon and oxygen with trace amount of
metals (darkening) to form a mineral called…
about 7,000oC
57million psi
SUN
EARTH
332,000
1
Volume (Earths)
1,300,000
1
Diameter
870,000 miles
Mass conversion rate
(106 kg/s)
Central temperature:
16 million deg K
Mass (Earths)
Central density:
162 g/cm3
8,000 miles
7,000 est.
12g/cm3
56Fe
 13 4He +4n
13 4He  26e- + 26p+ + 26n +4n
26n
The core with a
mass of ½ million
Earths shrinks from
1000 km (600 mi.)
to about 50 km (31
mi.) in 1 second.
Implosion velocity
reaches 170 million
mph...about 1/4 c or
50,000 miles per
second.
The outward moving matter is moving so fast that it compresses and
heats whatever it collides with to temperatures of 1010 to 1011 K...
much hotter than anything we have encountered in our studies of stars
Such enormously high temperatures generates nuclear reactions. Below the
neon shell source, the oxygen and silicon is converted to iron plus less
massive nuclei such as argon, calcium, potassium, titanium, copper, and zinc.
By the time the blast reaches the outer shell sources, the collisions are less
violent and the temperatures reached are too low for nuclear reactions.
• Thus, nuclear reactions account only for elements less
massive than iron. What about the rest of the periodical
table? Where do the other elements with more than 25 or so
protons in their nuclei come from?
• The source of neutrons for neutron
capture is the outer half of the
collapsing neutron core that
was ejected.
• The environment for neutron
capture only last a short time.
Consequently, not many
of the heavy elements are
created.
Supernovas often become black holes.
The remaining core of neutrons with about
the weight of 3 to 15 of our suns has
gravity so strong that light cannot exit.
There is one black hole in our galaxy that
has the mass of 2.6 million Suns.
Where did hydrogen come from?
• It all depends on how good your math is.
• Test: How far do you travel in 2 ½ hours, if
you are going 120 mph?
• If you left home at noon and traveled 60
mph, how long would it take you to drive
300 miles?
120 mph
2:30 pm
120 mi
1:30pm
85 mi
1:30pm
120 mph
170 mph
120 mi
170 mph
170 mi
12:30pm
120 mph
60 mi
Noon
1:00pm
Doppler effect
Train
Plane
3,000 deg radiation
Fused for Nuclear Fuel
Hydrogen (H)
Helium (4He)
Carbon (12C)
Neon (20Ne)
Oxygen (16O)
Silicon(28Si)
Main Products
4He
12C
16O, 20Ne, 24Mg
24Mg
28Si, 32S
56Fe, 56Ni
Temperature
4 million K
150 million K
1 billion K
2 billion K
3 billion K
4 billion K
More light elements fused as
neutrons compresses layers that
reach temperatures up to 100
billion degrees. Heavy elements
form as nuclei absorb neutrons.