Transcript Fall Final Exam Review

Fall Final Exam Review
Chapter 1.1
• 1. Astronomy- scientific study of the universe
beyond Earth; space.
• 2. Earth Science- scientific study of the Earth and
the universe that surrounds it.
• 3. Geology- scientific study of the origin,
structure, and history Earth.
• 4. Oceanography- scientific study of Earth’s
oceans
• 5. Meteorology- scientific study of Earth’s
atmosphere; weather.
Chapter 1.2
• Biosphere- all living organisms on Earth
• Atmosphere- the gases that surround Earth
• Geosphere- the area from the surface to the
core
• Hydrosphere- the water on Earth
Chapter 1.3
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1. Purpose/Problem
2. Research
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Analyze
6. Conclusion
Chapter 2.1
• 25 degrees
• 15 minutes
• 22 seconds
Chapter 4.1
• Mineral: naturally occurring, inorganic solid
with a specific chemical composition and a
definite crystalline structure.
• Luster: the way that a mineral reflects light
from its surface; two types-metallic and
nonmetallic
• Color: visual appearance, color of mineral.
• Hardness: measure of how easily a mineral
can be scratched, which is determined by the
arrangement of a mineral’s atoms.
Chapter 4.1
• Streak: color a mineral leaves when it is
rubbed across an unglazed porcelain plate or
when it is broken up and powdered.
• Cleavage: the manner in which a mineral
breaks along smooth planes
• Fracture: when a mineral breaks into rough
uneven surfaces
• Density: mass per volume of mineral.
Chapter 4.2
• A silicate is a mineral that is composed of both
silicon and oxygen. A nonsilicate does NOT
have both silicon and oxygen.
Chapter 4.3
• Softest is talc
• Hardest is diamond
Chapter 5/6.1
• From fire: igneous
• Changed form: metamorphic
Chapter 5/6.2
• Igneous
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic
Chapter 5/6.3
• James Hutton
Chapter 5/6.4
• Clastic
• Chemical
• Biochemical
Chapter 5/6.5
• Melt at different rates: partial melting
• Cool at different rates: Fractional
crystallization
Chapter 5/6.6
• Granitic, intermediate, basaltic, and ultrabasic
• They are classified according to silica content
Chapter 5/6.7
• Buildings
Chapter 5/6.8
Magma
Magma cools
and hardens
melting
Metamorphic
Igneous Rock
Heat and
Pressure
Sedimentary Rock
Sediment
lithification
Weathering
and
transportation
Chapter 5/6.9
• As glaciers started to retreat they melted and
left behind a sea over Indiana. As that sea
evaporated the particles from the living
substances settled to the ground and reacted
chemically to each other and the water to
form chemical sedimentary rocks.
Chapter 7/8.1
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Ice Wedging
Thermal Expansion
Abrasion
Organic Activity
Biological Activity
Chapter 7/8.2
• Oxidation
• Dissolution
Chapter 7/8.3
• Differential Weathering: Rocks weather at
different rates.
• Mass movement: downslope movement of
earth materials due to gravity, can occur
quickly or slowly.
• Abrasion: Is the grinding and wearing away of
rock surfaces through the mechanical action
of other rock or sand particles.
Chapter 7/8.3
• Erosion: process in which the materials of
Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or
worn away and transported from one place to
another by a natural agent, such as wind,
water, ice, or gravity
• Mechanical weathering: produces smaller
pieces
• Chemical Weathering: Chemical alteration of
minerals, changes both the composition and
physical appearance of the rock.
Chapter 9.1
• Evapotranspiration: all water that is lost from
an area
• Precipitation: water of any form that falls to
the earth
• Evaporation: when liquid water changes to a
water vapor (gas)
• Condensation: When water vapor turns to
liquid gas
• Transpiration: plants and animals release
water vapor into the atmosphere
Chapter 10.1
• Groundwater: water beneath the ground.
• Well: hole that is dug to below the level of the
water table and through which groundwater is
brought to Earth’s surface.
• Spring: natural flow of groundwater to Earth’s
surface in places where the ground surface
dips below the water table.
Chapter 10.2
• Hot springs
• geysers
Chapter 10.3
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Amount of Precipitation
Topography
Permeability of aquifer
Rate humans use water
Chapter 10.4
• Seasons
Chapter 17.1
• Wegener
• Pangaea
Chapter 17.2
• Convergent: 2 plates move towards each other
• Divergent: Away from each other
• Transform: Slide past each other
Chapter 17.3
• Transform: earthquakes
• Convergent: Volcanic island arc, trenches,
volcanoes, and mountains
• Divergent: Sea floor spreading, mid ocean
ridges
Chapter 17.4
• Pacific Plate
Chapter 17.5
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Puzzle like fit
Animal fossils
Plant fossils
Climate clues
Rock formations
Chapter 17.6
• Hot material rises
• Cool material sinks
• This creates a circular motion
Chapter 17.8
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1. continental crust
2. lithosphere
3. asthenosphere
4. oceanic crust
5. Mantle
Chapter 17.9
• The Atlantic Ocean is expanding because of
the divergent plate boundaries which causes
sea-floor spreading. The Pacific ocean is
shrinking because it has convergent plate
boundaries with subduction.
Chapter 18.1
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Supervolcano
Stratovolcano (composite)
Cinder Cone
Shield
Chapter 18.2
• Caldera: large crater, can form when the
summit or side of a volcano collapses into the
magma chamber during or after an eruption
• Pyroclastic Flow: swift-moving, potentially
deadly clouds of gas, ash, and other volcanic
material produced by a violent eruption.
Chapter 18.3
• Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI)
Chapter 18.4
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Supervolcano
Composite
Cinder Cone
Shield
Chapter 18.5
• Hawaii
Chapter 18.6
• Form along convergent plate boundaries and
hot spots.
• Volcanoes along convergent boundaries are
more common. (Composite volcanoes are
most common type)
Chapter 18.7
• Yellowstone: Supervolcano
• Mt. St. Helen’s: Composite
Chapter 19.1
• Epicenter is the point on the surface where
the earthquake took place
• Focus: the exact point beneath the surface
where the earthquake took place
Chapter 19.2
• 3
Chapter 19.3
• Modified Mercalli scale measures intensity of
earthquake.
• Richter scale measures the magnitude of
earthquake.
Chapter 19.4
• Body Waves: P-waves and S-Waves
• Surface waves: Rayleigh and Love
• P waves are the fastest
Chapter 19.5
• Alaska
Chapter 19.6
• Strike Slip: shear stress, movement is side by
side
• Normal: tension, move away from each other
• Reverse: Compression, move towards each
other
Ch. 21.1
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Widespread
Distinct (recognizable)
Occur over a large area
Exist for a relatively short period of time
Chapter 21.2
• sedimentary
Chapter 21.3
• Law of Superposition says that the older layers
of rock are on the bottom while the newer
layers are at the top.
• Cross-cutting relationships says that the rock
cutting through layers of rock must be
younger than the layers it’s cutting across.
• Oldest: Q, O, N, M, L, P, H, I, J, K: Youngest
Chapter 21.4
• Mummification: remains are often found in very
dry places, because most bacteria which cause
decay cannot survive in these places.
• gastrolith: stones from digestive systems
• Coprolite: fossilized feces.
• Petrification: Mineral solutions such as
groundwater replace the original organic
materials that were covered by layers of
sediment with new materials.
• Amber: Hardened tree sap is called amber.
Insects become trapped in the sticky sap and are
preserved when the sap hardens.
Chapter 21.5
• Absolute Age: actual age
• Relative Age: establish order of age
• Radiometric dating
Chapter 21.6
• Half-Life: Time it takes for 50% of a sample to
decay.
• 1 half life: 50%
• 2 half lives: 25%
• 3 half lives: 12.5%
Chapter 21.7
• Theory that geologic processes occurring
today have been occurring since Earth formed.
Chapter 24.1
• Renewable energy source is a source you can
use over and over again (ex. Wind, solar).
Nonrenewable is a source that you can only
use once (ex. Oil, natural gas)
Chapter 24.2
• Carbon Cycle: Carbon dioxide is absorbed
when plants are undergoing photosynthesis,
oxygen is released as a by product. Plants also
form carbohydrates which is consumed by
animals and is the basis for life. Other
organisms release carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere during respiration. The cycle
starts all over again.
Chapter 24.2
• Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen is an element used
by organisms to produce proteins. Nitrogen
fixing bacteria have to convert nitrogen from
the atmosphere to be used by organisms to
produce proteins. This cycle continues as
animals eat one another and as waste is
excreted by animals.
Chapter 24.3
• Desalination
• Dams/reservoirs
Chapter 24.4
• Very expensive
• Not practical for large populations