Transcript Real Time Weather Forecasting

‘Shaking Earth’
Presented by
Students of Class X
Goal of our Project
 Analyze why and how earthquakes are caused.
 Provide guidelines for Earthquake Planning and
Recovery
 Provide recommendations that can mitigate the
losses due to earthquake
 Create awareness in the school and nearby
community
Natural Disasters
How vulnerable is India?
Our country is very vulnerable to natural disasters.
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Earthquake: 54% of the landmass prone to
earthquake.
Flood: 40 million hectares of landmass prone to
floods.
Cyclone: 8000 Km long coastline with two cyclone
seasons.
Drought: low and medium rainfall regions which
constitute 68% of the total areas, are vulnerable to
periodical drought.
India is also vulnerable to other natural calamities
like avalanches/landslides etc.
What made us take up the
project – ‘Shaking Earth’
The Bhuj earthquake that
shook the Indian Province
of Gujarat on the morning
of January 26, 2001 is one
of the two most deadly
earthquakes to strike India
in its recorded history.
Aftermath of the Bhuj Earthquake
Government of India figures:
Death toll: 19,727
 Injured: 1,66,000
 Homeless: 6,00,000
 Houses destroyed: 3,48,000
 Houses damaged: 8,44,000
The State Department estimates that the earthquake
affected, directly or indirectly, 15.9 million people out of a
total population of 37.8 million. More than 20,000 cattle
were reported killed. Government estimates place direct
economic losses at $1.3 billion. Other estimates indicate
losses may be as high as $5 billion.
Understanding Earthquakes
Why does the crust move?
COLD!!!
VERY
HOT!!!
The earth is divided into
three main layers – a hard
outer crust, a soft middle
crust, and a center core.
The outer crust is broken into
massive irregular pieces
called “plates”. These plates
move very slowly, driven by
energy forces deep within
the earth.
Tectonic Plates - “Pieces of
the Crust”
6 Continental Plates (14 sub-continental plates)
Eurasia
America
Plate
Plate
Pacific
Africa
Plate
Plate
Australia
Plate
Antarctic
Earthquake Locations
Plate
Earthquakes occur when these moving plates grind and
scrape against each other. When the accumulated energy
grows strong enough, the plates break free causing the
ground to shake.
Seismic Waves
The rupture of fault results in sudden release of
the strain energy that has been built up over the
years. The most important form which this
suddenly released energy takes is that of seismic
waves which is of 3 types.
 1. P (primary) waves move the
fastest
2. S (shear) waves move more
slowly, shake up and down
 3. L or Surface Waves travel
slowly and are the most
dangerous
Major Earthquakes world wide
Date
1556
1906
1908
1976
1985
Location
China
California
Italy
China
Mexico
Magnitude
8.0
7.9
7.5
7.8
8.1
Deaths
530,000
700
83,000
700,000
9,500
1989
1993
2001
2005
California
India
India
Pakistan
7.1
6.3
7.4
7.6
63
7601
19,727
84,000+
Effects of Earthquakes
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Ground Shaking
Liquefaction
Dam Breaks
Landslides
Tsunami
Flash floods
Disruption of gas, electric, and phone services
Fire
What determines the amount
of damage in an Earthquake?
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Magnitude and Duration of the earthquake
 Underlying Geology
 Building Construction
How can we prepare for
Earthquakes?
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Understand what happened in the past
 Understand how materials and structures
respond
 Understand how rescue agencies respond
 Understand the awareness level of the
community
Role Play
Basic facts as contributed by each member of the
team:
 Survey Specialist
 Construction Engineer
 Geologist
 Social worker
We decided to focus on the three metros – Delhi,
Mumbai and Bangalore. Collected information
through E- Mails, Blogs and Field Visit.
Metros at a glance
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Mumbai -
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Bangalore – Seismic Zone II
Sudden spurt of buildings
Foundation on Lake beds
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Delhi –
Seismic zone III
Presence of major fault lines
Unsafe Buildings
Seismic Zone IV
Non-engineered structures
Unauthorized colonies
Liquefaction susceptible
Observation – Survey
Specialists
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Majority of the population in three metros are
aware of the aftermath of Earthquakes
Few know about Building Bye-Laws and
Regulations laid down by the government
Most do not know whether the building they
reside are Earthquake Resistant or not
Many are not aware about insurance against
Natural Disasters
Vague information about the do’s and don'ts in
case of an earthquake
Awareness on various categories
Sample Population - 1500
1200
1000
800
Delhi
600
Mumbai
Bangalore
400
200
0
Earthquake
Aftermath
Resistant &
Retrofitting
Bldg Bye laws
Insurance
Preparedness
Observation - Engineering a
Model
Our task was to design an earthquake resistant
building given the following criteria:
1. High Impact
2. Hill side home
3. Unstable terrain
1. We found that a relatively short, wide building
can withstand a great impact when compared to a
tall, narrow building.
2. A deep foundation with a large surface area can
support a house on a hill.
3. A building on an uneven terrain can be
stabilized by focusing most of its mass near the
bottom. A pyramid shaped building proves to be
the best bet.
Building Considerations - Tips
that might help
Size of the Buildings
a) In tall buildings the horizontal movement
of the floors during ground shaking is
large.
b) In short but very long buildings, the
damaging effects are many.
b.
a.
c) In buildings with large plan area, the
horizontal seismic forces can be
excessive to be carried by columns and
walls.
c.
Building Considerations - Tips
that might help
HORIZONTAL LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS
Building Plans with simple geometry perform well
during strong earthquakes.
Buildings with re-entrant corners, like U, V, H and +
shaped in plan sustain significant damage.
Such buildings can be made into two parts by using
a separation joint at the junction.
Building Considerations
Tips that might help
ADJACENCY OF BUILDINGS
When two buildings are close to
each other, they may pound on
each other during strong shaking.
When building heights do not match
the roof of the shorter building may
pound at the mid- height of the
column of the taller one and this can
prove to be very dangerous
Earthquake Resistant Buildings
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Retrofitting
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Shock absorbers (viscous dampers) can
be added to absorb seismic energy
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Use bearings or isolators to reduce
shocks
Underlying Geology
Liquefaction occurring beneath buildings and other
structures can cause major damage during
earthquakes.
Liquefaction takes place when loosely packed, waterlogged sediments at or near the ground surface lose
their strength in response to strong ground shaking.
When the soil is not homogeneous, then there is
differential settlement, with some part of the structure
sinking more than other. This induces excessive stress
and causes cracking.
Observations - Geological
Considerations
Buildings can be constructed on firm and soft soils
but it will be dangerous to build them on weak soils.
Hence appropriate soil investigations should be
carried out to establish the allowable bearing
capacity and nature of soil.
Type of soil present in most parts of the cities –
Delhi – Weak Soil
Mumbai – Alluvial sandy soil (soft soil)
Bangalore - Loamy and clayey soil
Observation – Social Worker
Relief Mechanism
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States primarily responsible for handling disasters.
 Central Government provides assistance as and
when necessary.
 A Calamity Relief Fund is constituted at State level
to which the Government of India contributes 75%.
This is used for provision of immediate relief and
restoration of essential infrastructure.
Police control rooms, Fire stations, Home Guard
organization, Govt hospitals, Ambulance services
are the local agencies that come to immediate
rescue in case of an earthquake.
Prevailing Conditions
 Inadequate
• man power
• trained personnel
• basic Infrastructure
• funds
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Outdated Equipments & Communication systems
 Lack of definite guidelines
 Misuse & mismanagement of resources
Recommendations
Based on the research we would like to advocate
some recommendations to mitigate the losses that
might occur due to earthquakes.
 Specialist teams should be given intensive
training on search, rescue and evacuation
procedures.
 New and latest equipments should be
procured
 Development policies and programs must
be examined and monitored at regular
intervals
Recommendations
 Establish web-enabled, centralized database for
quick access to resources to minimize response
time in emergencies.
 Publicize disaster resistant design features
 Review building by-laws and make it mandatory
 Provide guidelines for masonry buildings
 Certify builders to ensure technical competency
Recommendations
 Impose risk disclosure requirements on real
estate agents
 Retrofit the life line buildings .
 Create awareness through technology
demonstration.
 Encourage community involvement and
participation
 Formulate preparedness and response plans.
What we can do
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Encourage our parents to insure not just for life but also for
structures and household goods
Increase public awareness of the earthquake hazard
Create and distribute ‘Earthquake Preparedness
Campaign’ among the students and nearby community
Conduct Mock Drills in the schools at regular intervals
Contribute towards ‘Disaster Relief Fund/PM Relief Fund’
Provide a common platform for exchange of views among
schools for discussing methods of developing and
implementing Earthquake Preparedness and Evacuation
plan.
Establish a good rapport with the social /voluntary
agencies of the city so that help can be extended when
required
Time to Act
Action Plan:
Analyse why we need to take preventive
measures in case of an Earthquake and prepare
an ‘Earthquake Preparedness Campaign’
Brochure to be circulated in the school and nearby
community
Bibliography
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http://kishanganj.nic.in/dept_relief.htm
http://bis.org.in/other/quake.htm
http://Artshttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1965231.cms
http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar102007/646.pdf
http://www.karmayog.org/freepress/freepress_3638.htm
http://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquak
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http://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_e
arthquake_resistant_structures.html
http://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.html
http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar102007/646.pdf
http://members.aol.com/physgeo/eqmod.htm
http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/BhujGeodesy.html
Presentation by Shri R.K. Singh, Joint Secretary (DM), Ministry of Home Affairs
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/earthquake1.htm
http://www.4shared.com/get/54108796/de535bb1/earthquake.html;jsessionid=
5A7846DDEAB13DCAC6AE32437C89EEC5.dc90
http://www.nees.org/Education/EOTResources/EOTPresentation.ppt#15