Transcript Document

Renewable Energy II
Hydroelectric power systems
high initial investment, low operating cost, long life expectancy
no emissions; high capacity, reliability
reservoirs provide water storage for navigation, irrigation, water supply
flood control, controlled discharge for recreation, fishing
reservoirs flood valuable land; displacement of towns; cultural history
reservoirs may increase evaporation and salinity of water
water quality may decline due to impoundment
natural fluctuations in stream flow are reduced – flooding reduced, but...
temperature regimes are disrupted – cold water released
sediment starvation of downstream system
Colorado River – Lake Powell, Lake Mead
Yangtze River – Three Gorges Dam
Nile River – Aswan High Dam
Aswan High Dam
Completed in 1970
Significant flood control
and irrigation advantages
Floodplains downstream
starved of new sediment
input.
Delta subsidence
and erosion
Salinity
Destruction and
damage to
cultural sites
http://www.quarryscapes.no/images/Egypt_sites/aswan_loc.jpg
http://72.232.229.42/thumb/e/e0/Aswan_High_Dam.jpg/200px-Aswan_High_Dam.jpg
http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/images/lw/photos-ancient-egypt_abu-simbel-temple.jpg
http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/images/geog04b.jpg
http://www.cnsm.csulb.edu/departments/geology/people/bperry/geology303/_derived/geol303text.html_txt_NileDeltaEgypt.A2000060.0855.NASA
Three Gorges Dam
Yangtze River
Hydropower to offset
new coal-fired plants
, flood control
Ecosystem impacts,
water quality concerns
social displacement
Earthquakes?
http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/Three-Gorges-Dam-Map.jpg
http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/Three%20Gorges%20Dam%204.jpg
http://www.blogthebest.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/three-gorge-dam-01.jpg
Tidal and Wave Power
Tidal systems generally require a control dam (‘barrage’) to direct
flow through turbines.
Some tidal systems have sufficient velocity to drive turbines without
impoundment
Wave systems - experimental; disappointing to date
Geothermal
Steam and hot water
Hot dry rock – injection and recovery of steam or hot water has been
problematic
Ground, groundwater and lake geothermal – heat pump system
Depend on low-temperature (66-39 F heat exchange
provide air conditioning
Closed loop systems preferred
http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/renewable-energy-tidal-2.gif
Tidal barrage systems – Loire estuary, France
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_cwrSE63jF7Y/R_uFKPAwsbI/AAAAAAAAARM/Tt0rHa96yhQ/s400/la_rance_tidal_power_plant.jpg
http://home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/images/wave.jpg
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/proto1.jpg
Wave power – experimental
systems to date
http://cache.gizmodo.com/assets/images/gizmodo/2008/07/seagen.jpg
“Hot’ geothermal systems currently in operation depend on
natural recharge of cool surface water which is heated by
hot rock or magma in areas of volcanic activity.
Hot dry rock systems
require injection of
cool surface water and
production of steam or hot
water from fractured rock
at depth.
These systems have not been
successfully developed to
date. Loss of water to dry
rock, and possible triggering
of earthquakes are ongoing
problems.
http://www.quantecgeoscience.com/Q_images/HotDryRockDiagram.jpg
Ground (c) and groundwater (b)
geothermal.
http://www.harreither.com/typo3temp/pics/d60ec24fd8.jpg
Lake or pond geothermal. Water at bottom of lake
does not cool below 4C (39F). Heat pump required
for residential heating.
http://www.acegeo.com/_wp_generated/pp26641064.jpg
Craine Lake - a 22 acre private lake about 5 miles south of Hamilton.
Geothermal potential for 36 residences around the lake??
100 meters
UTM Northing NAD 83
North
Craine Lake
Bathymetric Map
Depth Contours
in Meters
Catie Carr – 8/27/08
UTM Easting NAD 83
100 meters
Temperature
August, 2008
North
UTM Northing NAD 83
<10oC
10-22oC
22-25oC
Craine Lake
Summer Temperatures
UTM Easting NAD 83
Summer thermal structure
summer surface layer
22-25oC
Lake surface
5 meters
thermocline layer
10 meters
summer bottom water
<10oC
Temperature
Range
Volume of
water
Cooling
Capacity
in BTU
(based on
2oC degree
temp.
difference)
22-25 oC
438,000 m3
118,000,000 gallons
Not calculated
10-22 oC
59,800 m3
15,000,000 gallons
3 x 108 BTU
500 cooling days at
6000 BTU/hr
<10 oC
12,200 m3
3,000,000
6 x 107 BTU
100 cooling days at
6000 BTU/hr
Temperature
February, 2009
100 meters
UTM Northing NAD 83
North
3.5-4.0oC
<3.5oC
UTM Easting NAD 83
Winter thermal structure
cold surface layer
less than 3.5oC
Lake surface
5 meters
10 meters
slightly warmer
bottom water
<3.5 – 4.0 C
Heating
Capacity
in BTU (based
on 2oC
temperature
difference)
Temperature
Range
Volume of
water
<3.5 oC
467,000 m3
125,000,000 gallons
3.2 x 109 BTU
(23,000 heating days
at 6000 BTU/hr)
3.5-4.0 oC
43,000 m3
11,000,000 gallons
2.8 x 108 BTU
(12,000 heating days
at 6000 BTU/hr)