Transcript Chapter 3 Notes - Aurora City Schools

Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth
31. The Geosphere
3.2 The Atmosphere
3.3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere
p.58-83
Key Terms
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Geosphere
Crust
Mantle
Core
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Tectonic plate
Erosion
Atmosphere
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Ozone
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Radiation
Conduction
Convention
Greenhouse effect
Water cycle
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Salinity
Fresh water
Biosphere
Closed system
Open system
3.1 The Geosphere
• Describe the composition and structure of the
Earth
• Describe the Earth’s tectonic plates
• Explain the main cause of earthquakes and
their effects
• Identify the relationship between volcanic
eruptions and climate change
• Describe how wind and water alter the Earth’s
surface
The Earth as a System
What are the conditions that allow us to survive
on a constantly changing planet?
The earth is divide into 4 parts
1. Geosphere (rock)
2. Atmosphere (air)
3. Hydrosphere (water)
4. Biosphere (living things)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uG3ql0vLioU
Geosphere
• The solid part of the Earth that consists of all
rock, soils and sediments on Earth’s Surface
• Most is located in interior
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http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers1.html
Discovering Earth’s
Interior
• Very difficult to study – we have only looked at 12km deep
• Seismic waves to study Earth’s Interior (waves travel differently in
physical layers)
Composition of Earthhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iUfi8XqEos&feature=related
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Crust- thin outer layer, light elements, less than 1% of planet’s
mass
2. Mantle 64% mass of Earth, 2,900km thick, rock medium density,
iron rich layer
3. Core densest element radius of 3,400km, hot nickel and iron
center of Earth
Bill Nye- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qp-EVOsZOs
(18mins)
Composition of Earth-3 layers
1. Crust- think outer layer, light elements, less
than 1% of planet’s mass, 5-8km thick
beneath the oceans and 20-70km beneath
the continents
2. Mantle- layer under crust, makes up 64% of
mass, 2,900km thick, made of rock, medium
dense
3. Core- innermost layer, densest elements,
radius of 3,400 km
The Structure of the Earth
5 layers- http://video.about.com/geography/The-Four-Earth-Spheres.htm
1. Lithosphere (stone)
2. Asthenosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Outer Core
5. Inner Core
Lithosphere- stone
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15-300 km thick
Cool rigid
Outermost layer of Earth
Crust and uppermost part of mantle
Divided into huge pieces called plate tectonic
Both continental and oceanic crust
Asthenosphere
• 250 km thick
• Solid plastic layer of mantle between the
mesosphere and the lithospehre
• Made of mantle rock that flows very slowly,
allows for plates to move on top of it
Mesosphere
• 2,550 km thick
• Middle sphere
• Lower layer of the mantle between the
asthenosphere and the outer core
Outer core
• 2,200 km thick
• Outer shell of Earth’s core
• Made of liquid nickel and iron
Inner Core
• 1,228 km radius
• Spere of solid nickel and iron at the center of
the Earth
Thicknesses and density
Plate Tectonics
• Glide across the underlying asthenosphere like ice on a pond
• Continents are located on them and move with them
• Pacific, North American, South American, African, Eurasian, and
Antarctic plates
• Plate boundaries- this movement may cause mountains,
earthquakes, volcanoes erupt
• Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building- Himalaya Mountains (Asia
and India plates collided 50mya)
• Alfred Wegener- first proposed theory of continental drift
• http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.htm
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-HwPR_4mP4 (7mins)
• NGO- 50mins
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCSJNBMOjJs&feature=related
Bill- 23mins
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hKssFQdZ0k&feature=related
What is continental drift?
Animation link
Matching fossils, mountains, rock
deposits…
Plate Boundaries
1. Convergent Boundaries- crashing
Places where plates crash or crunch together.
2. Divergent Boundaries- pulling apart
Places where plates are coming apart
3. Transform Boundaries-side swiping
Places where plates slide past each other are
More info :
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates1.
html
Plate Boundaries
Divergent Plate Boundary
• Move plates apart to expose mantle 
spreading zone.
• When plates move apart, it creates cracks in
the Earth called rift valley
• Allows hot, melted rock to come up through
the cracks  volcano opening is formed
• Sea floor spreading- new sea floor created
• http://geology.com/nsta/divergent-boundaryoceanic.gif
Seafloor Spreading and Subduction
Convergent Plate Boundary
• Push plates back together until the middle
forms a ridge
• When plates collide they create mountains
this is called a collision zone
• Appalachian mountains – Africa collided with
North America during formation of Pangea
• Destroy sea floor- ocean plates more dense
than land plates, when they converge ocean
plates slide under land plates
3 sub types
• Ocean to ocean
• Ocean to continental
• Continental to continental
• http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-plateboundaries.shtml
Transform Plate boundary
• Slide the edges of plates against each other
• This horizontal grinding and sliding of the
plates causes earthquakes
• This is called a shearing fault
• A fault is a fracture in the Earth’s crust
• New Madrid Fault- runs along the eastern
border of Missouri
• San Andreas Fault- most studied
Earthquakes
• Fault- break in Earth’s crust preventing it from
sliding
• When it breaks and creates vibrations in crusts 
creates earthquakes
• Occur all the time most are too small to feel
• Richter scale- quantify the amount of energy
reassessed by an earthquake or its magnitude
• Smallest magnitude that can be felt is 2.0
• Largest recorded 9.5
• Earthquakes of 7 or greater
cause widespread damage
Where do they occur?
• Take place at the boundaries due to the stress
level
• San Andreas Fault along California (N. American
plate and Pacific plate are slipping)
• We cannot predict when they will occur but
rather the likely hood of where they can occur
• High risk areas we build bridges and buildings
slightly flexible so they can sway when the
ground moves
• http://earthquakestoday.info/
Japan's Tsunami - How it
Happened 2011
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24A8UwpYSs8&feature=related
Volcanoes
• Mountains/ islands built from magma, melted
rock, that comes from the Earth’s core
• Can occur on land or under the sea
• Most active areas is around the pacific Ocean
plate boundaries
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBPwwt0HuVo
Hot Spots
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/animatio
ns/ch2.htm
Local Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
• Loss of human life
• Clouds of hot ash, dust, gases travel down at
speed of 200km/hr killing everything in its
path
• Can mix with water can create a mudslide
• Destroy buildings, bury crops, damage engines
of vehicles
• Breathing difficulties
Global Effects of Volcanic
Eruptions
Global impact:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TghGWlVN31c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8mAtY-7n-o
• Mt St Helen- change Earth’s climate for several
years
• Ash and gases travel into the atmosphere
reducing sunlight decreasing global temperatures
for several years
• Top 10- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aYQixhdWY4&feature=fvwrel
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Billl Nye
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOc04z8jHaM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MucQmSIKElU&feature=related (23mins)
Folds
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Over millions of years, stress
forces can bend rock like a ribbon
or soft dough.
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Steady pressures of stress over
long periods of time affect
sedimentary layers and can fold
them into dramatic forms.
Folds
Folds :
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During mountain building,
compressional stresses often bend
flat-lying sedimentary rocks into
wavelike ripples called folds.
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Folds of sedimentary strata come
in three main types
 Anticlines
 Synclines
 Monoclines
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Anticlines and Synclines
Anticlines and Synclines :
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An anticline is usually formed by
the upfolding, or arching of rock
layers.
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Often found in association with
anticlines are downfolds, or
troughs, called synclines.
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The anticlines are the folds that go
upwards and the synclines are the
folds that go downward.
Dips
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The angle that a fold or fault
makes with the horizontal is called
the dip of the fold or fault.
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The more the bend in the fold or
fault, the stronger the dip.
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In the figure at right, folds, faults
and dips are visible in B.
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In C, the folds are starting to
overturn and D and E the folds
have overturned all the way and
folded over completely.
Monoclines
Monoclines
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Folds are generally closely related
to faults in the Earth’s crust.
Examples of this close association
can be found in monoclines.
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Monoclines are large step-like folds
in otherwise horizontal sedimentary
layers.
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Monoclines occur as sedimentary
layers get folded over a large
faulting-block of underlying rock.
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Monoclines are a prominent feature
of the Colorado Plateau region.
Hanging walls and footwalls
Faults
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Recall that faults are fractures in
the Earth’s crust along which
movement has taken place.
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The rock surface immediately
above the fault is called the
hanging wall.
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The rock surface below the fault is
called the footwall.
Types of Faults
Faults
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The major types of faults are
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 Normal faults
 Reverse faults
 Thrust faults
 Strike-slip faults
Types of Faults
Faults
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Normal faults occur due to
tensional stress and reverse and
thrust faults occur due to
compressional stress.
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Compressional forces generally
produce folds as well as faults,
resulting in a thickening and
shortening of rocks.
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Shearing stresses produce strikeslip faults.
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Faults are classified according to
the type of movement that occurs
along the fault.
Normal Faults
Normal Faults
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A normal fault occurs when the
hanging wall block moves down
relative to the footwall block.
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Most normal faults have steep dips
of about 60 degrees. These dips
often flatten out with depth.
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The movement in normal faults is
mainly in a vertical direction, updown, with some horizontal
movement as well.
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Because of the slide down of the
hanging wall block, normal faults
result in the lengthening, or
stretching, of the crust.
Tensional stress pulls the blocks apart
and lets the hanging wall drop downward
Reverse Faults
Reverse Faults:
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A reverse fault is a fault in which the
hanging block moves up (instead of down)
relative to the footwall block.
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Reverse faults are high angle compressional
faults with dips greater than 45 degrees.
Thrust Faults
Thrust Faults:
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Thrust faults are reverse faults
with dips of less than 45
degrees.
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Because the hanging wall block
moves up and over the footwall
block, reverse and thrust faults
result in a compression,
squeezing and shortening, of the
crust.
Thrust Faults
Thrust Faults:
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Most high-angle reverse faults are
small in scale. They cause only local
displacements in regions that are
already filled with other types of
faulting.
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Thrust faults, however, exist at all
scales. Many can be quite large.
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In the Swiss Alps, the northern
Rockies, Himalayas, and
Appalachians, thrust faults have
displaced layers as far as 50
kilometers.
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The result of this type of
movement is that older rocks end
up on top of younger rocks.
Strike-Slip Faults
Strike-Slip Faults:
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Faults in which the movement is
horizontal and parallel to the line
of the fault is called a strike-slip
fault.
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Because of their large scale, and
linear nature ( in a line) many
strike-slip faults produce a trace
that can be seen over a great
distance.
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Rather than a single fracture,
large strike-slip faults usually
consist of a zone of roughly
parallel fractures.
Strike-Slip Faults
Strike-Slip Faults:
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The zone of parallel fractures
created by a strike-slip fault
may be up to several kilometers
wide.
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The most recent movement is
often along a section only a few
meters wide and may offset
features such as stream
channels.
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Crushed and broken rocks
produced during faulting are
more easily eroded, often
producing linear valleys or
troughs that mark strike-slip
faults.
Fence break created by strike-slip fault
• The three basic types of faults are normal, reverse, and
strike-slip (lateral). (A) A normal fault is one in which the
rocks above the fault plane, the hanging wall, move
down relative to the rocks below the fault plane in the
footwall. (B) A reverse fault is one in which the hanging
wall moves up relative to the footwall. (C) When rocks on
either side of a nearly vertical fault plane move
horizontally, the movement is called strike-slip.
Erosion
• The removal and transport of surface material
• Water Erosion- rivers create deep gorges or
oceans waves erode coastlines
• Wind Erosion- area where plants are limited
(beaches and deserts) sandstone vs granite
can erode more quickly
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5Rp9MJJGCU
Bill- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjVSiuj7Lxk&feature=related
3.2 Atmosphere
• Describe the composition of the Earth’s
Atmosphere
• Describe the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere
• Explain 3 mechanisms of heat transfer in
Earth’s atmosphere
• Explain the greenhouse effect
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyfN9t_E0
w8
Atmosphere
• Mixture of gases found in first 30km above the
Earth’s surface
• Constantly changing (photosynthesis, Cellular
Respiration, Volcanic eruption, cars
**Insulates earths surface- allows for animals to
survive.
Composition of the Atmosphere
• Nitrogen 78%
• Oxygen – 21%
• Other -1 % (argon, carbon dioxide, methane,
water vapor)
• Aerosols- Tiny solid particles or dust (soil, salt,
ash, skin, hair clothing, pollen, bacteria, viruses,)
• Air pressure- due to the gravity, more dense
closer to earth, difficult to breath at higher
elevations, all/ most atmosphere gases located
within 30 km to earth surface
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmQ8FWnM0fA
Layers of the Atmosphere- based
on temperature
1.
2.
3.
4.
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YAOT92wuD8&list=PLtXf78zN40CILuFkZqcgLKaVidMRxQdkE
Tropospherea.
b.
c.
d.
layer closes to the Earth’s surface to 18km above
weather occurs in this layer
densest layer
temperature decreases as altitude increases
Stratosphere• Above the troposphere
• Extends from 18km to altitude of 50km
• Temperatures rise as altitude increases in the
stratosphere, because the ozone absorbs the
suns UV energy and warms the air
• Ozone- O3- molecule that is made up of 3
oxygen atoms (ozone layer),Reduced the
amount of UV that reaches the Earth, (blanket
of protection)
Mesosphere
• Layer above the stratosphere
• Extended to an altitude of 80km
• Coldest layer as low as -93’C
Thermosphere
• Farthest from the Earth
• Nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiationtemperatures have been measured above 2,000’C
• Would not feel hot to us because this layer is so
thin that air particles rarely collide – little heat is
transferred
• Lower level is called ionosphere – it absorbs X
and gamma rays, causing the atoms to be
electrically charged (ions)
• Ions can radiate energy as light- Aurora Borealis
or Northern Lights (North and South poles)
Energy in the Atmosphere
• Energy is neither created or destroyed 
transferred and transformed
1. Radiation- transfer of energy across a space
(fire, sunlight)
2. Conduction- flow of heat from one object to
another
3. Convection- air currents (hot air rises)
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y3mfAGVn1c
Heating of the Atmosphere
• Solar energy reaches the Earth as electromagnetic
radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, UV light
• Only ½ actually reaches the Earth
• Most is absorbed or reflected by clouds, gases and dust
• Ocean/ lakes and land radiate the energy back into the
atmosphere
• 50% absorbed by Earth’s Surface
• 25% scattered and reflected by clouds and air
• 20% absorbed by ozone, clouds and gases
• 5% reflected by Earth surface
The Movement of Energy in the
Atmosphere
• Convection Currents- movement of the air in
a circular pattern that are caused by the
unequal heating of the Atmosphere
• Cold air sinks and hot air rises
– Sea Breeze
– Land breeze
Coriolis Effect
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2mec3vgeaI
The Greenhouse Effect
• Gases trap heat near the Earth
http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/basics/today/greenhouse-effect.html
• Like heat being trapped into a car on a hot
day, the glass window would be the
atmosphere
• This allows for the Earth to be warm, if it did
not occur Earth would be too cold for life
3 mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMk
Discovery Channel - Global Warming, What You Need To Know, with Tom Brokaw
80mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcVwLrAavyA&feature=related
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/index.html
3.1The Hydrosphere and
Biosphere
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Name 3 major processes in the water cycle
Describe the properties of ocean water
Describe the 2 types of ocean currents
Explain how the ocean regulates Earth’s
Temperature
• Discuss the factors that confine life to the
biosphere
• Explain the difference between open and closed
systems
Hydrosphere
• Makes up all of the water on the Earth’s
surface (oceans, lakes, wetlands, rivers, ice
caps, soil, rock layer, and clouds)
• Most is found in the oceans (3/4 globe)
• Atmosphere, land and in soil
Hydrosphere and Water Cycle
Water cycle- Continuous movement into ht air,
land back to water
– Evaporation- liquid water is heated by sun and
goes into the atmosphere
– Condensation- water vapor cools and forms water
droplets
– Precipitation- larger droplets fall from clouds
(snow, sleet, or hail)
Bill Nye- (3mins)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hehXEYkDq_Y
Rap- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU&feature=fvwrel
Magic School Bus-
Earth’s Oceans
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World Oceans- Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian
70% of earth surface
Regulates Planet’s environment
salinity(3.5%)High salt concentrations, lower
where freshwater or rain runs into it, high in
areas where evaporation is high
• Temperature zones- surface warmed by sun,
deep clod no sunlight (surface zone, thermoclinewarm and cold weather)
•
Lab demo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqtFeAvDOwk
Global Temperature Regulator
• Absorb and store energy from sunlight regulates
temperatures in Earth’s Atmosphere
• Ocean absorbs and release more slowly than land does
• If it did not regulate temps conditions would be too
extreme for life today
• Can warm land masses near by
• The ocean is able to absorb incident solar energy, then
slowly release it in the form of heat. Land cannot
absorb nearly as much heat, and land releases heat
quickly. The ocean keeps global temperatures much
less variable than they would be if the entire surface of
the planet was land.
Ocean Currents
• Surface currents- stream like movements of
water that occur at or near the surface, wind
driven and a result from global wind patterns
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCorkyBe66o
• Deep currents- stream like movements of
water that flow very slowly along the ocean
floor (Antarctic Bottom Water)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVZujRMGZzs
Bill Nye- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_wLatK7sXg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_8mw-1HYFg
Fresh water
• 3% of Earth’s water
• Most is locked in icecaps and glaciers
• Lakes, rivers, streams, ground water, wetlands,
and atmosphere
• River systems- network of streams that drains
an area of land including its tributaries (small
that flow into large ones)
• Mississippi River system 40%
Ground water
• Rain and melting snow run off the land
collected into the ground
• 1% of all of Earth’s Water
• Aquifers- rock layer that stores and allows the
flow of ground water
• Recharge zone- where water enters an aquifer
• ED Aquiferhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzYWOM2TmJk&list=PLyw1u3Z_dHA46BekGol8sBVYa5CIslI-6
Biosphere
• Part of Earth were life exists
• Think layer at Earth’s surface down to the
bottom of the ocean
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmifaYcLPik&feature=related
Biosphere
• If the Earth was an apple- it would be the skin
• Uppermost part of the geosphere, most of
hydrosphere, lower part of atmosphere
• 11km into the ocean and 9km into the
atmosphere
Life requires:
• liquid water
• Temps between 10-40’c
• Source of energy
Energy Flow in the Biosphere
• Sun light main source of energy
• 4 biogeochemical cycle ( recycling of once
living organisms to be put back into the Earth’s
resources)
– Closed system- Earth mostly closed with respect
to matter, Eden Project
– Open system- sun/ energy, energy comes in from
the sun and lost as heat
Webquest:
• http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamice
arth/structure.html
BBC- Power of the Planet
Atmosphere
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5ViCNJAkHg
&feature=endscreen&NR=1
Earth
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_pzxz71jDM
&feature=fvwrel
ice
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0Maf03wG
vE&feature=relmfu