Transcript End of Year Review Power Point

End of Year Review
9TH GRADE
Describe the systems of the Earth: Each of the Earth’s systems
interact continually
• Biosphere: This includes all living things on the earth from the
plants to the animals. There is interaction between living things and
the other spheres. Living things need water (hydro), air (atmos) and
the ground where everything connects.
• Geosphere: all solid ground front the crust to the core
• Atmosphere: all the gasses that surround the Earth like and
envelope there are layers, troposphere (where we live and weather
take place) Stratosphere this layer contains the Ozone, mesosphere,
Thermosphere
• Hydrosphere: all water on the surface, underground and in the
atmosphere.
Describe the Big Bang Theory
• The most popular theory of our universe's
origin centers on a cosmic cataclysm
unmatched in all of history—the big bang.
This theory was born of the observation that
other galaxies are moving away from our
own at great speed, in all directions, as if
they had all been propelled by an ancient
explosive force.
How old is the
Solar System?
4.5-4.6
Billion Years
Old
Describe evidence supporting the nebular theory
of the solar system formation.
• The Nebular Theory is the most
widely accepted theory
• Stars form in nebulas composed
of gas and dust; planets can be
formed under the right
circumstances in these nebulas
as well
• Nebulas have been observed by
the Hubble telescope forming
spinning disks such as in this
picture
These pictures show real spinning disks in the Milky
Way galaxy. the pictures were taken by the Hubble
Space Telescope.
Describe how the heavy elements found on Earth
resources.hwb.wales.gov.uk
are formed in stars.
• Fusion in stars form heavier and
heavier elements
• Heavier elements form in larger stars
• The older the star, the heavier the
elements it contains
• Super Nova explosions of super massive
stars creates the heaviest elements and
spreads those elements into the
universe.
List distinct objects found
in the Solar System.
THE SUN
ROCKY PLANETS
GAS GIANTS
ASTEROID BELT
METEORITES
COMETS
DWARF PLANETS
Which is larger, the Solar System or the Milky Way Galaxy?
The Galaxy is Larger than the solar system. The solar
system is part of the Milky Way Galaxy.
http://www.engadget.com/2015/03/16/milky-way-galaxy-ripples/
Describe the conditions necessary to support life
on Earth.
Condition needed to support life on Earth
are:
Atmosphere
Moderate temperatures
And of course a food supply
How has the geocentric model of the Solar System changed?
We know that the Earth orbits the Sun not the other way around!
• What is the source of Earth’s
internal heat?
• The first source of internal heat
is the heat that is left over form
the formation of our planet.
• The Second form is that of
radioactive decay of materials
such as Uranium decaying into
Lead as it looses Ions.
Why does the
Earth have
Layers? (Video)
• Describe the physical properties of the lithosphere and
asthenosphere.
• The lithosphere is the crust and the upper portion of the
mantle. The crust is a solid.
• However the Asthenosphere is a plastic meaning is acts as a
solid and a liquid at the same time.
• Illustrate how convection currents distribute heat
within the mantle.
• Give two examples of how geologic record preserves
evidence of past change.
• 1. Similar plant and animal fossils on different
continents.
• 2. Puzzle-like fit of continents e.g. South America and
Africa
• 3. Similar rock layers found on continents on opposite
sides of Atlantic ocean
• 4. Evidence of climatic changes e.g. glaciation where no
glaciers can occur
• Describe evidence from the sea floor that helped develop
the Continental Drift Hypothesis of Alfred Wegener into
the modern theory of Plate Tectonics.
Stripes of magnetic material in the seafloor provide strong
evidence for tectonic theory. The stripes alternate between
those with magnetic material orientated toward magnetic
north, and those oriented in the opposite direction. Seafloor
spreading is the mechanism behind this phenomenon. As
new magma forces its way up to the surface, magnetized
minerals in the liquid rock orient along the Earth’s magnetic
field and then harden as the lava cools.
• How do mantle plumes provide evidence for the rate
and direction of tectonic plate motion?
As the ocean floor moves it
will sometimes move over a
hot spot which will form a
volcano. As the sea floor
continues to spread the
volcanos will move away
from the hot spot we can
calculate the speed at which
they are moving by the
distance the islands are
apart from each other.
• Draw and label the results of plate movement along
convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries.
• Illustrate and describe how the greenhouse effect
contributes to the energy in the atmosphere.
• Illustrate and describe the uneven heating of the earth.
smha.btck.co.uk
What causes the
Coriolis Effect?
Explain how the
• Short-term exposure to ozone peaks presence of ozone in the
can temporarily affect the lungs,
stratosphere is beneficial
the respiratory tract, and the eyes. It to life, while ozone in the
can also increase
troposphere is
the susceptibility to inhaled allergens. considered an air
Long-term exposure to relatively low pollutant.
concentrations of ozone can
reduce lung function.
• http://www.greenfacts.org/en/ozone-o3/
• Low pressure systems circulate
counter-clockwise. High pressure
systems circulate clockwise
• A Low’s counter-clockwise
circulation forces air upward
(ultimately resulting in
condensation, cloud formation and
ultimately precipitation). A High’s
clockwise circulation causes a
sinking motion in the atmosphere,
resulting in fair/clearer and often
sunnier skies.
•
http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/educ/scouts/res/handout4.pdf
Explain the
difference
between weather
in low pressure
systems and high
pressure systems.
• Diagram and describe cold, warm, occluded, and stationary weather fronts.
•What is the difference between weather
and climate
•Weather is what is happening right now
•Climate is what you should expect the
weather to be based on 30 years of
weather data.
• How has human activity
influenced the carbon cycle?
• Humans are moving
more carbon into the
atmosphere from other
parts of the Earth system.
More carbon is moving
to the atmosphere when
fossil fuels, like coal and
oil, are burned
oceans
freshwater lakes
running water
frozen water
ground water
atmospheric
moisture
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
transpiration
Illustrate layers in the ocean.
Label the differences in salinity,
temperature and pressure at
different depths.
Temperature and
salinity both affect
density. Low-density
water tends to be
warmer and less saline,
while high-density
water is generally cooler
and more saline.