Transcript Five Themes of Geography

FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
LOCATION
PLACE
REGION
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
MOVEMENT
LOCATION
WHERE IS IT?
• ABSOLUTE LOCATION: EXACT PLACE WHERE A GEOGRAPHIC FEATURE WILL BE FOUND.
• RELATIVE LOCATION: DESCRIBES A PLACE IN COMPARISON TO OTHER PLACES IT’S NEAR. FOR
EXAMPLE: SAYING, “MICHIGAN IS UP THERE BY CANADA.”
LOCATION
• LATITUDE: IMAGINARY LINES THAT ARE IMPOSED ON MAPS/GLOBES TO LOCATE PLACES FROM
NORTH TO SOUTH.
• LONGITUDE: IMAGINARY LINES THAT ARE IMPOSED ON MAPS/GLOBES TO LOCATE PLACE EAST
TO WEST.
• HISTORY: GREEK MATHEMATICIAN, ERATOSTHENES, 1ST PROPOSED THIS METHOD OF
NAVIGATION AROUND 200 B.C.E.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
THE GREEKS KNEW THE EARTH WAS ROUND. FORGET THE “FLAT-EARTH” MYTH.
LATITUDE/LONGITUDE
PLACE
• THE DESCRIPTION OF A LOCATION, BASED ON CLIMATE, LANDFORM, VEGETATION, ETC.
REGION
• FORMAL REGION: GEOGRAPHIC AREAS IDENTIFIED AS HAVING A LIMITED NUMBER OF RELATED
CHARACTERISTICS.
• EXAMPLES:
• US & CANADA
• LATIN AMERICA
• EUROPE
• RUSSIA & THE REPUBLICS (STANS)
• AFRICA
• SOUTHWEST ASIA
• SOUTH ASIA
• EAST ASIA
• SOUTHEAST ASIA
• OCEANIA
REGION
• FUNCTIONAL REGION: CHARACTERIZED BY A CENTRAL LOCATION.
• FOR EXAMPLE: SUBURBS OR OUTLYING URBAN AREAS ASSOCIATION WITH A LARGER CENTRAL
CITY
• ANOTHER EXAMPLE: PEOPLE THAT LIVE IN HIRAM MIGHT ASSOCIATE THEIR HOME AS BEING IN
“ATLANTA.”
REGION
• PERCEPTUAL REGION: A REGION IN WHICH PEOPLE SEE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION
THE SAME WAY. THIS IS OFTEN STEREOTYPED.
• FOR EXAMPLE: THE AMERICAN “SOUTH”
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
• HOW PEOPLE INTERACT WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
• ENVIRONMENT WILL INFLUENCE CULTURE MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE.
• THE ENVIRONMENT WILL IMPACT A POPULATION’S:
• POLITICS
• ECONOMICS
• HEALTH
• TRAVEL
• TECHNOLOGY
• WORLDVIEW
• SAFETY
MOVEMENT
• MIGRATION: MOVEMENT
• POPULATION MIGRATION: THE MASS MOVEMENT OF ANY SINGULAR GROUP OF PEOPLE. IT
CAN BE CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS, NATIONAL, ETC.
• CULTURAL MIGRATION: THE MASS MOVEMENT OF CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS. IT DOES NOT
HAVE TO NECESSARILY INVOLVE PEOPLE MOVING. FOR EXAMPLE: THE MOVEMENT OF
AMERICAN MUSICAL STYLES GLOBALLY.
CARTOGRAPHY
• CARTOGRAPHY: THE ART OF MAPMAKING
• HISTORY: THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATION, SUMER, DEVELOPED
MAPS FEATURING THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS AND
THE ANCIENT “NEAR EAST.”
• FLAT-EARTH THEORY: PROPOSED BY THE GREEK,
HECATAEUS AROUND 500 B.C.E.
FLAT-EARTH THEORY
FLAT-EARTH THEORY
• BY 250 B.C.E., OTHER GREEK SCIENTISTS, LIKE ERATOSTHENES,
LARGELY ELIMINATED THE FLAT-EARTH THEORY IN GREEK SCIENCE
AND RELIGION.
TYPES OF MAPS
• POLITICAL: ONLY SHOWS THE BORDERS OF COUNTRIES, STATES,
ETC.
• PHYSICAL/TOPOGRAPHICAL: SHOWS LANDFORMS AND
GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES; BY USING A TOPO. MAP, YOU CAN GET A
SENSE OF ELEVATION, CLIMATE, VEGETATION, ETC.
• LANDSAT: SERIES OF SATELLITES THAT ORBIT THE EARTH. THEY
CONTINUALLY SCAN THE EARTH CHARTING WEATHER &
COMPILING MAPPING DATA.
LANDSAT
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
• GIS: GLOBAL DATABASE THAT COMPILES ANYTHING RELATED TO
GEOGRAPHY.
• PRIMARY USE: CONSTRUCTION & REGIONAL PLANNING.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
• GPS: SYSTEM OF 24 SATELLITES THAT “TRIANGULATE” TO FIND AN
EXACT LOCATION, ELEVATION, LATITUDE/LONGITUDE, AND TIME.
• ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED FOR THE MILITARY.
CARTOGRAM
• CARTOGRAM: THEMATIC MAP. NOT ALWAYS GEOGRAPHICALLY
“ACCURATE.”
• EXAMPLES: POPULATION DENSITY, INDUSTRIALIZATION, ETC.
EARTH LAYERS
•CORE: IRON/NICKEL CENTER OF
THE EARTH
•MANTLE: MOLTEN ROCK
•CRUST: OUTER SOLID ROCK LAYER
OF THE EARTH
HYDROSPHERE
• HYDROSPHERE: “ALL” OF THE WATER ON EARTH.
LIQUID/SOLID/GAS.
• 97% IS SALTWATER; 3% IS FRESHWATER
• 68% OF FRESHWATER IS ICE
LITHOSPHERE
• LITHOSPHERE: THE UPPER MANTLE AND CRUST OF THE EARTH. THE
CONTINENTS AND SEAFLOOR ARE CONSIDERED THE LITHOSPHERE.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: CIRCULATION OF WATER AS ATMOSPHERIC
GAS/PRECIPITATION, OCEAN WATER, FRESHWATER, AND GROUND
WATER.
LANDFORMS
• PLATES: THE OUTER CRUST OF THE EARTH IS NOT ONE
CONTINUOUS PIECE. THERE ARE MULTIPLE “PLATES.”
PLATE TECTONICS
• EARTHQUAKE: THE RESULT OF PLATES COLLIDING, DIVERGING, OR
TRANSFORMING.
• TSUNAMI: MASSIVE TIDAL WAVE CAUSED BY AN EARTHQUAKE OR
VOLCANO SHOCKWAVE.
• “RING OF FIRE”: REGION THAT “RINGS THE EAST COAST OF ASIA,
OCEANIA, AND THE WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AMERICA AND NORTH
AMERICA. THIS REGION PRODUCES MORE EQS & VOLCANOES THAN
ANY IN THE WORLD.
RING OF FIRE
LANDFORMS
• CONTINENTS: PLATEAU REGIONS OF PLATES. MANY PLATES HAVE
LAND BELOW WATER AND ABOVE WATER.
• ISLANDS: ISLANDS ARE THE TIPS OF VOLCANOES.
EROSION
• WATER EROSION: THE MOVEMENT OF EARTH (LAND/DIRT) BECAUSE
OF WATER.
WATER EROSION
EROSION
• WIND EROSION: THE MOVEMENT OF EARTH BECAUSE OF WIND.
EROSION
• GLACIAL EROSION: THE MOVEMENT OF EARTH DUE TO THE
MOVEMENT OF ICE GLACIERS.
WEATHERING
• MECHANICAL WEATHERING: PROCESSES THAT BREAK ROCK INTO
SMALLER PIECES.
WEATHERING
• CHEMICAL WEATHERING: ROCK IS CHANGED INTO A NEW
SUBSTANCE AS A RESULT OF CHEMICAL INTERACTION WITH AIR,
WATER, OR OTHER ROCKS.
CLIMATE
WHY DOES THE EARTH HAVE SEASONS?
• SEASONS: THE EARTH HAS SEASONS BECAUSE IT ROTATES ON ITS
AXIS WITH A 23.5 DEGREE TILT.
• TROPIC OF CANCER/CAPRICORN: MARK THE FURTHEST NORTH &
SOUTH THAT THE SUN’S RAYS SHINE DIRECTLY OVERHEAD AT
NOON.
WHAT CAUSES THE WEATHER?
• WATER VAPOR: PRECIPITATION
• CLOUD COVER: CLOUDS HOLD WATER VAPOR
• BODIES OF WATER: WATER HEATS UP & LOSES HEAT SLOWLY
• LANDFORMS: LAND HEATS UP QUICKLY & LOSES HEAT QUICKLY
• ELEVATION: THINNER AIR (HIGH ALTITUDE) IS DRIER AIR.
• AIR MOVEMENT: WIND
WEATHER EXTREMES
• HURRICANE/TYPHOON: FORM IN WARM TROPICAL OCEAN AREAS.
THEY MOVE HEAT OUT OF THE TROPICS.
• TORNADO: THUNDERSTORMS CAN CAUSE AIR TO SPIRAL.
• BLIZZARD: HEAVY SNOWSTORM WITH WINDS ABOVE 35 MPH.
• DROUGHT: LONG PERIOD OF TIME WITH LITTLE OR NO
PRECIPITATION.
WHAT CAUSES CLIMATE?
• WIND CURRENT: WIND MOVES HEAT FROM ONE PART OF THE
WORLD TO ANOTHER.
• (2) POLAR EASTERLIES (NORTHERN & SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE)
• (2) WESTERLIES (NORTHERN & SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE)
• NORTHEASTERLY TRADE WINDS
• SOUTHEASTERLY TRADE WINDS
WHAT CAUSES CLIMATE?
• OCEAN CURRENT: NOT ALL WATER MOVES AT THE SAME SPEED.
OCEAN CURRENTS ARE LIKE A RIVER WITHIN AN OCEAN.
• COOL CURRENTS CARRY COLD WATER.
• WARM CURRENTS CARRY WARM WATER.
WHAT CAUSES CLIMATE?
• ZONES OF LATITUDE: THE FURTHER AN AREA IS AWAY FROM THE
EQUATOR, THE COOLER THE CLIMATE.
• ELEVATION: HIGHER ELEVATIONS HAVE COOLER CLIMATE. AIR TEMP.
DROPS APPROX. 3.5 DEGREES PER 1,000 FT HIGHER ELEV.
• TOPOGRAPHY: MOUNTAINS DIRECT AND RE-DIRECT WINDS,
COOLING OR INCREASING AVG. TEMPERATURES.
GLOBAL WARMING
• GLOBAL WARMING: GEOLOGIC AND CLIMATIC PROCESS OF THE
COOLING AND WARMING OF THE EARTH. BY 21OO C.E., THE
EARTH IS EXPECTED TO RISE 3-5 DEGREES IN AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE.
• CAUSES: ALL PROPOSED CAUSES ARE THEORY & NONE CAN BE
EMPIRICALLY PROVEN.
• IMPACT: MELTING ICE CAPS WILL LEAD TO DECREASING
SHORELINES IN COASTAL AREAS. ANIMAL EXTINCTIONS WILL ALSO
INCREASE.
CLIMATE REGIONS
• TROPICAL WET: OVER 80 DEGREES ON AVERAGE; OVER 80 INCHES
OF RAINFALL ON AVERAGE. C. AMER., S. AMER., C. AFRICA, & SW
ASIA.
• TROPICAL WET & DRY: RAINY SEASON IN SUMMER/DRY SEASON IN
WINTER; SIMILAR TO TROPICAL BUT THE RAIN ONLY COMES IN
CERTAIN TIMES OF THE YEAR. SIMILAR LOCATIONS AS TROPICAL
WET.
• SEMIARID: 16 INCHES OF RAINFALL, OR LESS, PER YEAR. SEMIARID
REGIONS USUALLY SURROUND DESERTS OR ARE FOUND IN
CONTINENTAL INTERIORS.
CLIMATE REGIONS
• DESERT: LESS THAN 10 INCHES OF RAINFALL PER YEAR. CAN BE
HOT OR COLD. FOR EXAMPLE: SAHARA OR SONORA DESERT.
• MEDITERRANEAN: LOCATED AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.
MANY BELIEVE THAT MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATES HAVE NO NEED
FOR HEAT IN THE WINTER OR AIR CONDITIONING IN THE SUMMER.
• MARINE WEST COAST: EVEN RAINFALL THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
LOCATED ALONG THE NORTH AMERICAN WEST COAST.
• HUMID SUBTROPICAL: LOCATED IN CHINA & THE SOUTHEASTERN US
INTERIOR AND COASTAL AREAS. HURRICANE ZONES.
CLIMATE REGIONS
• HUMID CONTINENTAL: LOCATED IN NORTHERN NORTH AMERICA. NO
COASTAL AREAS. EQUAL AMOUNTS OF COLD AND HOT WEATHER.
• SUBARCTIC: BELOW FREEZING TEMPS FOR AS MUCH AS HALF THE YEAR.
• TUNDRA: FLAT TREELESS LAND; AREA THAT BORDERS SUBARCTIC
REGIONS. LESS THAN 15 INCHES OF RAINFALL PER YEAR.
• ICE CAP: POLAR REGIONS; ALWAYS FREEZING THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
• HIGHLAND: MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS. TEMPERATURE IS BASED ON
ELEVATION; THE HIGHER THE COLDER IT GETS.