Transcript Chapters 5-7 Crash Course

Chapters 5-7
Crash Course
Atmosphere
Troposphere- 0-10 mi
Stratospher-11-30 mi
Mesosphere-31-50 mi
Thermosphere-50+
Let’s Talk About this
Earth’s Climate
Earth Rotates around
the sun
1 year for the earth to
revolve the sun
1 day to rotate on its
axis
Its tilted
Unevenly Heated
Things that affect the Climate
Wind patterns Affect
Climate
Ocean Water Affect
Climate
Hot and Cold Fronts
Convection Cells
Doldrums
Coriolus Effect
Convection Currents Around the Globe
Ocean Conveyor Belt
The Ocean Affects
Climate As well
The ocean is
connected
Warm water Rises
and Cold water sinks
Warm water carries
Precipitation
The Ocean acts as an
insulator
El NINO and La NINA
El NINO and LA NINA
are opposites,
Normal conditions are
La NINA
Anomaly
AKA ENSO
Cold water is
suppressed during EL
NINO which causes
more storms in the
pacific as opposed to
Asian Indonesia
Effects of El Nino
North USA is Dry,
Drought, No insect
die off, more disease
South of the USA is
Flooded, inceased
hurricanes,
During El Nino India
and China are dry, no
rice crops
Major Air Pollutants
⬜
Sulfur Dioxide
⬜
Nitrogen Oxides
⬜
Carbon Oxides
⬜
Particulate Matter
⬜
Volatiles Organic
Compounds (VOC’s)
⬜
Ozone
⬜
Lead
⬜
Mercury
How do Air Pollutants Get There?
Non-AnthropogenicVolcanic Eruptions,
Openings in the crust,
Forest Fires, Natural
Fires
AnthropogenicCombustion of fuels
such as oil, coal,
gasoline, natural gas or
biomass
These process release
toxins into the
environment
Air Pollutants
⬜ Primary pollutants
Ex: CO, CO2, SO2, NO, and PM
⬜ Secondary pollutant
Ex. Ozone, Sulfuric Acid, Nitrate
Atmospheric Inversion
Atmospheric Inversion- When
warm air gets trapped by cold air.
Smog= Smoke and Fog
Photochemical Smog- Sunlight,
NOx
Industrial Smog AKA Gray SmogPM, Dust, SOx
Smog is a health hazard which
causes lung irritation and asthma.
Water Resources
97% of the World is Salt
Water
3% Fresh
2% of fresh Locked up in
Glaciers
1 % Makes up all the lakes
rivers, groundwater and
streams
Most of the water is
groundwater
Irrigation Methods
70 Percent of Freshwater is
Used on Crops
Irrigation Methods
Passive Irrigation
Spray Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
20 % Freshwater goes to Industry
Manufacturing of
products as a solvent
ex. paper, plastics,
cooling of machines
10 % is used Domestically
Most water used on
landscaping- Best to use
drought resistant plants
Most water used indoors in
on the toilet
Methods of conserving
Low flow toilet
Low flow showerhead
Water plants at night
More on Domestic Water Use
Order of consumption
toilet, laundry, shower,
faucets, dishwasher
More on Groundwater
Groundwater refills at
recharge zones
Urbanization prevents
recharge
Percolation allows salt to
sink
Saltwater Intrusion
Wells
More on Water
Saltwater can be turned
into freshwater by
desalination
Reverse Osmosis
Distillation
More on Water
Dams
Pros-Provide water,
recreation, hydroelectric
power, eutrophication
Cons-Dry up wetlands,
Disrupt fisheries, stop
flow of nutrient sediment
3 Gorges Dam
Yangtze River China
Legislation and Conservation
Clean Water Act
Prevent Pollution
Help WWTP
Protect wetlands
Safe Drinking Water Act
Everyone deserves clean
water
Minimum Standards
Chapter 6 Soils
Soils form over a long
period of time. Consist of
Rock that has been
weathered
Chemical Weathering
Physical Weathering
Biological Weathering
Soil Horizons
Soil is Broken Up into layers
O-Organic Layer Humus
A-Top Soil
*Zone of Leaching=Eluviation
B-Sub Soil
*Zone of
illuvaiation=Accumulation
C-Parent Material
R-Bed Rock
Soil Profiles
Temperate Grassland=Best
Rainforest=Bad
Desert=Worst
Temperate Forest-Good
but leached
Temperate Evergreens
(Conifers)=Fair Acidic
Physical Properties of Soil
Texture-Sand, Silt,
Clay
Porosity
Moisture Holding
Capacity
Permeability
Compaction
Sand, Silt and Clay
Chemical Properties of Soil
Organic Content
pH
Salinity
Fertility-N,P,K
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Fertilizers
Organic Fertilizers add
N,P,K to the soil slowly,
Inorganic Fertilizers add
N,P,K to the soil all at
once
Inorganic Fertilizers
require a great deal of
water
Soil Prevention Practices
No Till
Contour Plowing
Terracing
Soil Coverage
Crop Rotation
Desertification
The process of land
becoming less suitable for
cultivation
Causes
Intensive Farming
Deforestation
Overgrazing
Biogeochemical Cycles
Resevoir and Sink
Botkin & Keller
Environmental Science 5e
© 2008 John Wiley and Sons
The Hydrologic Cycle
• The Hydrologic
Cycle:
–Precipitation
–Evaporation
–Runoff
–Transpiration
–InfiltrationPercolation
Botkin & Keller
Environmental Science 5e
The Rock Cycle
• The rock cycle:
– Numerous
processes that
produce rocks
and soils
– Rock is
classified as
• Igneous
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic
Botkin & Keller
Environmental Science 5e
The Carbon Cycle
– Carbon is cycled
between
photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
– increased burning of
fossil fuels increases
CO2 emmisions
– Volcanoes produce
CO2, Forest Fires
– Sinks- Forests,
Oceans, Carbonate
Botkin & Keller
Deposits
Environmental Science 5e
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Atmospheric Nitrogen gets
fixed by nitrogen fixing
bacteria
• Nitrogen fixation:
– The process of converting inorganic,
molecular nitrogen in the
atmosphere to ammonia or nitrate
•Assimilation-Uptake of Nitrogen into
living things
• Denitrification:
– The process of releasing
fixed nitrogen back to
atmospheric nitrogen
Lightning fixes nitrogen
directly
Botkin & Keller
Environmental Science 5e
Nitrogen Cycle In a Fish Tank
New Tank Syndrome- A term
used to describe how a fish tank
at first does not have bacteria to
fix ammonia, therefore fish die.
Nitrification
Ammonia- NH3
Nitrite- NO2
Nitrate- NO3
Plants love the nitrate, ammonia
and nitrite burn the fish
The Phosphorus Cycle
• Vital Nutrient
– Usually a limiting
factor
– In fertilizer
– In guano/bird
poop
– Does not enter
gas phase
Essential for DNA and
Botkin & Keller
Membranes
Environmental Science 5e
Sulfur Cycle
Enters the atmosphere and causing acid deposition is necessary
for proteins
Chapter 7
Most of chapter 7 is review
from previous courses
-You will have a worksheet
with the content
-Complete the worksheet in
order to review for chapter 7
-Ask any questions you
need for chapter 7
Drawing the Biogeochemical cycles
New Tank Syndrome Activity
Molnar Tectonic plates
Earthquake Finding Activity
Seismic Activity
Bottle Hydrologic Activity
2014 FRQ #4 on Biogeochemical
2014 FRW #3 on Tectonic plates