Transcript Astronomy and Earth Science Review

Astronomy and Earth
Science Review
1. How does the height of the sun’s path
through the sky and the length of the
shadow change over the course of the
year?
• Shorter shadows in the
summer (sun is nearly
over head-direct light)
• Longer shadows in the
winter (the sun is low
in the sky- indirect
light)
2. What causes day and night to
occur on earth? Draw a diagram
• The side of Earth facing
the sun is in day time.
• The side facing away from
the sun is in night.
• The earth rotates every
24 hours on its axis to
cause day and night to
occur.
• High latitudes (near the
poles) will have 24 hours
of sunlight in the summer
and 24 hours of darkness
in the winter.
3. What causes the different seasons to
occur on earth and why are they opposite
for the N and S hemisphere? Draw a
diagram.
4. Draw a diagram of our solar system.
Include and label: Sun, 8 planets, at least
one dwarf planet, asteroid belt, and a
comet.
5. Which planets move around
the sun the fastest?
• The closer a planet is to
the star it orbits, the
faster it revolves around
it.
6. How are the inner planets, outer
planets, and dwarf planets alike?
How are they different?
• Inner- small and rocky
• Outer- large, gaseous, many moons and rings
• Dwarf- spherical but small and don’t have a clear
path around the sun.
7. What objects in our solar system
have a lot of gravitational pull? Why?
• Larger, more massive objects –such as Jupiter or
the Sun, have a greater gravitational pull (so you
weigh more)
8. What objects in our solar system have
a little bit of gravitational pull? Why?
• Smaller, less massive objects (like the moon) have
less gravitational force.
• Your weight will decrease- but your MASS will stay
the same!
9. What happens to gravitational pull
as you get closer to the object?
• The closer the object
the more the
gravitational force
increases.
• This is why the moon,
even though it is small,
has a large affect on
Earth’s tides.
• However, since the sun
is so large, it still has a
pull, despite being 93
million miles away.
10. What force keeps all objects in
place in our solar system?
• Gravity- the larger and closer the object, the
greater its gravitational force.
11. What is direct light and indirect
light? When does NJ see these types
of light and why?
• Direct light is seen during
the summer, when the sun
is directly overhead due to
the Earth’s tilt.
• Indirect light occurs during
the winter.
12. Describe the difference between
rotation and revolution? How long
does each one take on Earth to
occur?
13. How is a magnetic field a benefit
to the earth? How is it made?
• It protects Earth from the Sun’s CME’s (charged
particles)
• It is made by Earth’s liquid iron core
14. How are the earth, moon and sun
arranged to allow for a solar eclipse?
• The moon is between the Earth and the Sun and
blocks the sun’s rays from reaching the Earth’s
surface (those in the umbra get a total eclipse.)
15. How are the earth, moon and sun
arranged to allow for a lunar eclipse?
• The moon moves into Earth’s shadow. During a
total lunar eclipse, the moon will appear red as the
sunlight filters through Earth’s atmosphere.
16. In rock layers, which rock is the
oldest? Which is the youngest?
• Oldest on the bottom, youngest
on the top.
• This helps us identify the relative
ages of fossils- we can tell if they
are older or younger than the
fossils above or below them.
• When a species goes extinct, it
will no longer appear in the fossil
record
• Movement of the plates can cause
the layers to be disrupted
17. Which events occur suddenly (S)
and which ones take more time to
occur (L)
Sudden or quick events
• Earthquakes _______
• volcanic eruptions ______
• tsunami _______
Long time events
• Mountain range formation _______
• Ocean formation ______
• Continental drift _______
18. What is weathering? Give
examples.
• Breaking down of
rocks due to physical
or chemical reactions
• Examples include:
freezing, temperature
changes, animal
(burrowing) or plant
action, wind, water, or
acid rain.
19 What is erosion? Give
examples.
• Movement of rock or soil
from an area is erosion.
• Erosion can happen due
to water (streams), ice,
(glaciers), wind
(sandstorms), or gravity
(landslide)
20. How can erosion be prevented?
• Plant roots, terracing, fencing, dams, alternating
crops can all help prevent erosion.
21. Early organisms found on Earth
were probably very __________
(simple or complex) Explain.
• Simple- one celled
prokaryotic (no
nucleus) organisms.
• As time passed,
organisms slowly
evolved into more and
more complex
organisms
• Our fossil record shows
this evolution from
simple to complex.
22. Draw the five stages of the rock
cycle and explain each process
(arrow) that allows a rock to change
form.
23. What type of rock is most likely to
contain fossils? Explain.
• Sedimentary rock
• Igneous rock forms when magma or lava cools- this hot
material would melt a fossil
• Metamorphic rock forms when a rock undergoes heat
and pressure- this would crush and destroy a fossil
24. What are the four parts of soil
and how does it form?
• Minerals
• Organic matter
(dead/decaying
organisms or bacteria)
• Air
• Water
• Soil forms as rocks
weather into smaller
pieces and mix with
other materials
25. What is the Ring of Fire and
how did it form?
• A chain of
volcanoes
around the
Pacific Ocean.
• Volcanoes and
earthquakes
frequently
occur on this
subduction
zone.
26. Where are earthquakes and
volcanoes most likely to occur and
why?
• They will most likely occur on plate boundaries
because that is where most plate movement occurs.
27. What are the four layers of
the Earth?
28. What evidence supports the
theory of continental drift (four
pieces of evidence)?
1. Puzzle like fit of continents
2. Matching plant and animal
fossils on different continents
3. Matching rock types and ages
on different continents
4. Climate clues- tropical plant
fossils in Antarctica and
glacier evidence in Africa
suggest the continents were
not always at their present
latitudes
29. What three types of plate
boundaries are there? Name and
describe them.
• Transform
Divergent
Convergent
30. What makes the plates on the
crust move? Explain this picture.
• The liquid mantle beneath the
crust is constantly moving due
to heat from the core. The
hot mantle rises and carries
the plates on the surface of
the earth.
• This movement of the mantle
due to earth's heat is called a
Convection Current
31. Is the magnetic north pole the
same thing as the geographic north
pole? Explain
• They are not the same. The
geographic north pole
represents the axis- the
imaginary line around which
the earth spins.
• The magnetic north polecreated by the liquid metal
in Earth’s core, changes
position (sometimes even
flipped N to S) and does not
line up with the geographic
north pole.