Transcript Physical Geography

WARM-UP 9/8- WHAT DO YOU THINK THIS MAP
IS SHOWING US?
WARM-UP 9/9
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
What internal forces affect the earth, and how?
What external forces affect the earth, and how?
QUIZ!!!!
On a separate sheet of paper answer the following questions:
1. What are the three types of tectonic plate movements?
2. What landforms do plate movements cause: give three specific examples. (BE
SPECIFIC)
3. What natural hazards to plate movements cause?
4. What is erosion?
5. What is weathering?
EXTERNAL LAYERS
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Atmosphere – Oxygen
Lithosphere – Crust, uppermost mantle
Hydrosphere – water elements on earth
Biosphere – lithosphere and
hydrosphere together
INTERNAL LAYERS
• Core – center of the earth – iron and
nickel
• Outer core – molten rock
• Mantle – several layers
• Crust – thin layer of rock at the earth’s
surface
INTERNAL FORCES
• Plate Tectonics
• Earthquakes
• Volcanoes
EARTH’S SURFACE HAS CHANGED
• Over the past 200 million
year the plates of the
Earth have shifted to form
the modern day world
INTERNAL FORCE- PLATE TECTONICS
• Internal forces begin beneath the lithosphere
• Tectonic plates – enormous moving pieces of
the earth’s lithosphere
• How do tectonic plates move?
• Divergent
• Convergent
• subduction, ocean to ocean, land to land
• Transformation
INTERNAL FORCE- EARTHQUAKE
• Focus – center of earthquake –
epicenter is the point directly above the
focus of the earth’s surface
INTERNAL FORCE- TSUNAMI
• Underwater earthquake causes water to
rise up and cause coastal damage
INTERNAL FORCE- VOLCANOES
• Magma, gasses, and
water below the
surface of the earth
• Convection layer
• Ring of Fire – Rim of
the Pacific Ocean
EXTERNAL FORCES
• Weathering
• Erosion
WEATHERING
• Breakdown of rock and other materials into
smaller pieces
• Mechanical weathering – physical breakdown
of rocks and minerals
• Chemical weathering – breakdown of rocks
and minerals through chemical processes (e.g.
oxidization)
EROSION
• Movement or removal of pieces of rock or soil
through wind, glaciers, or water
• Wears away at the earth’s surface
HOMEWORK
Page 32-36 #1-4 on page 36
WHERE IN THE WORLD WEDNESDAY
WHERE IN THE WORLD WEDNESDAY
1. Kennedy Space Center
2. Located in Cape Canaveral, Florida
3. American culture created this
4. Built in 1968
5. Built as a launch site for space
exploration
ACTIVITY
• Continue with your research from yesterday!
• You will get the same laptop you had
yesterday.
• Turn in the landforms packet when you are
finished.
WARM-UP 9/11- ON A SEPARATE SHEET OF
PAPER ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION.
How did the events of September 11, 2001
impact our lives today?
Use ½ of a page!!
BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS
• Oceans
• Ocean is an interconnected body of salt water that covers about 71
percent of our planet
• Divided up into five parts
• Ocean motion- currents, waves, and tides
• Currents- act like rivers flowing through the ocean
• Waves- swells or ridges produced by winds
• Tides- regular rises and falls of the ocean created by the
gravitational pull of the moon or sun
• These motions help to distribute heat on the planet
• Winds blow over the ocean and are either heated or cooled by the
water
BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS
Hydrological cycle
BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS
• Lakes, rivers, and streams
• Drainage basin- an area drained by a major river and
its tributaries
• Ground water- water held in the pores of rock
• Water table- level at which the rock is saturated
BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS
• Landforms- are naturally formed features on the surface of the
Earth
• Oceanic landforms
• The Earth’s surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part
of the ocean is called the- continental shelf
• Floor of the ocean has ridges, valleys, canyons, and plains
• Ridges mark places where new crust is being formed on the edges
of the tectonic plates- The longest continuous range- Mid-Atlantic
Ridge
BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS
• Continental landforms
• relief- the major geographic feature that separates one type of
landform from another
• Relief- the difference in elevation of a landform from its lowest
point to its highest point
• Four categories of relief
• Mountains
• Hills
• Plains
• Plateaus
• Topography- the combination of the surface shape and
composition of the landforms and their distribution in a region
• A topographic map shows us the landforms with their vertical
dimensions and their relationship to other landforms
You are going to create a mini poster to represent 10
landforms. You will need to have illustrations of ten
landforms all in one picture. Next to each landform
you need to have a definition of that landform.
You will be graded on:
• One picture for each landform
• One definition for each landform
• Presentation and design
WARM-UP 9/12
How is the Earth-Sun relationship related to weather
conditions and climate?
Explain in at least 5 complete sentences.
• When you are finished turn in your warm-up paper,
landform packet, and landform mini-poster!
CLIMATE BASICS
• Climate- is the name for the general conditions of temperature
and precipitation for an area over a long period of time.
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Several factors affect climate
Latitude
Elevation
Wind and ocean currents
Topography (landforms, size of land mass, etc.)
CLIMATE ZONES
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Latitude is the
most important Arctic Circle
factor in
determining
Tropic of
climate
Cancer
The three major
climate zones on
Equator
the Earth are the
polar, temperate,
and tropical
Tropic of
zones.
Capricorn
Antarctic
Circle
66°
N
23 1/
°N
0
°
23 1/
°S
66°
S
POLAR (HIGH LATITUDE ZONES)
In each hemisphere, the polar zone extends from the pole to about 66 degrees
latitude. In polar zones, the average yearly temperature is below freezing.
TEMPERATE (MIDDLE LATITUDE ZONES)
In each hemisphere, the temperate zone is found between 66 degrees and 23 ½ ° N
and S latitude. Moderate temperature and year-round rain.
TROPICAL (LOW LATITUDE) ZONES
The tropical zones, which extend from 30° N and S latitude to the equator, have high
temperatures and high humidity.
ELEVATION
Elevation, or altitude, is the distance above sea level
As elevation increases, temperature decreases
WIND
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Convection- the transfer of heat in the atmosphere by upward motion of the air
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Hot air flows towards the poles and cold air goes to the equator
OCEAN CURRENTS
• Waters in the ocean flow in large circular systems
• Warm waters flow towards the poles and cold waters flow towards the equator
• Winds + ocean current = different weather
• Coriolis Effect- rotation
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Ocean currents also affect the amount of precipitation
ACTIVITY
• Become an expert on your climate
• Fill out the chart
• Create a mini poster with all of the required information
• Tomorrow you will present and fill out all the climates
WARM-UP 9/15
1. Draw a picture of the Earth and label the 5 major lines
of latitude.
2. Then label the low latitude, middle latitude, and high
latitude climate zones.
CAUSES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
• Earth’s motions
• Earth’s orbit, tilt, and wobble affect insolation
• Plate tectonics
• Continents move to different latitudes affection insolation
• Sunspots
• May relate to Earth’s changing temperatures
• Volcanoes
• Volcanic winter, acid rain from SO2 in the atmosphere
• Global warming
• Increases temperatures and moves precipitation belts
EL NIÑO & LA NIÑA
The warming of the waters in the South Pacific
(west of South America)
Natural change in the climate
Every 2-7 years, prevailing easterly winds that
blow over the central Pacific Ocean slow or
reverse direction
Changes the ocean temperature and affects
weather worldwide
Easterly winds normally bring seasonal rains and
push warm ocean water toward Asia and
Australia
 Generally speaking El Niño brings cooler and
wetter weather to the southern United States
• La Nina brings the opposite
HOW DOES CLIMATE AFFECT OUR LIVES?
• Limits amount of Earth’s surface we can use
 Polar regions, deserts, rainforests
• Influences agriculture
• Tourism and recreation
• Water resources
• Disease and Illness
DEFINING A CLIMATE REGION
• Climate regions tell geographers a lot about a region
without giving many local details
 Generalizations are made about typical conditions
• Defined by many factors like temperature,
precipitation, location, topography, and elevation
• Different methods to define climate region
• Use of latitude: tropical (low-latitude), dry, midlatitude, high latitude, highland
 Variations within these categories
TROPICAL WET
• Little variation in temperature over the year
• Always hot- average temperature of 80°
• Days begin sunny but have clouded up by the
afternoon
• More than 80 inches of rain annually
• These climates are found in Central and South
America, Africa, and Southwest Asia
TROPICAL WET AND DRY
• Subregion always has a rainy season in summer and a
dry season in winter
• Temperatures are cooler in the dry season and
warmer in the wet season
• Rainfall is less than in the tropical wet region and
occurs mostly in the wet season
• Found next to tropical wet climates in Africa, South
and Central America, and parts of Asia
SEMIARID
• Does not receive very much precipitation
 About 16 inches per year
Hot summers and mild to cold winters
 Some semiarid regions can produce snow
• This climate is found in the interior of continents or in
a zone around deserts
• Lots of agricultural productivity
DESERT
Categorized by the amount of rainfall
Can be hot or cool/cold
Receive less than 10 inches of rain per year
Hot deserts have low humidity and high day
temperatures
 Nights get cold because dry air cannot hold heat
• Cool/cold deserts are found in the mid-latitudes in the
Northern Hemisphere
 Usually in the rain shadow of mountain ranges
 Summer temperatures are warm to hot
 Winter temperatures are cool to below freezing
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MEDITERRANEAN
• Named for the land around the Mediterranean Sea
• Also exists in areas like the US west coast and parts of
Australia
• Summers are dry and hot
• Winters are cool and rainy
• Climate supports dense populations and rich
agricultural activity
MARINE WEST COAST
• Located close to the ocean
• Frequently cloudy, foggy, and damp
• Winds over the warm ocean moderate temperatures
so they are usually constant
• Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year
• Located on parts of the US, Canadian, and European
west coasts
HUMID SUBTROPICAL
• Long periods of summer heat and humidity
• Found on the east coast of continents are are subject
to hurricanes in late summer or autumn
• Winters are mild to cool
• Suitable for raising crops such as rice
• Located in SE US and China
HUMID CONTINENTAL
• Great variety in temperature and precipitation
• Located in the mid-latitude interiors of Northern
Hemisphere continents
• Usually experience four seasons
 Length of each season determined by the latitude
SUBARCTIC
• Covered by evergreen forests called taiga
• Huge temperature variations between summer and
winter
 Summers are short and cool and winters are always
very cold
 Temperature at or below freezing last 5-8 months
during the year
• Can be found in Canada and Russia
TUNDRA
• Tundra: Flat, treeless lands that form a ring around
the Arctic Ocean
• Almost exclusively located in the Northern
Hemisphere
• Usually less than 15 inches of precipitation per year
• Permafrost: subsoil is constantly frozen
• Summer lasts only a few weeks and the temperature
may only slightly reach 40°
ICE CAP
• Region has snow, ice, and permanently freezing
temperatures
• It is so cold that it rarely snows
• Sometimes called polar deserts because they receive
less than 10 inches of precipitation per year
• Antarctica has this climate
HIGHLANDS
• This climate varies with latitude, elevation, other
topography, and continental location
• Rugged mountain areas like the Andes of South
America have climates that are based of factors like
whether a slope faces north or south and whether it is
exposed to winds carrying moisture
HOMEWORK FOR TONIGHT (9/15)
Read pages 59-63 and answer questions 1-4 on
page 63.
WARM-UP 9/16- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS ON YOUR WARM-UP PAPER.
What are some examples of natural
hazards?
What causes natural hazards to happen?
EARTHQUAKES
What is it?
A sudden movement of the Earth’s crust caused by a
release of pressure built up along fault lines.
VOLCANOES
What is it?
An opening or vent in the Earth’s crust where lava,
ash, and other debris are ejected at regular or
periodic intervals
HURRICANES
What is it?
A tropical storm with winds in excess of 74 mph.
There are 5 levels or categories of a hurricane based
on wind speed.
TSUNAMIS
A huge wave caused by an undersea earthquake or
volcano.
LANDSLIDE
What is it?
Rapid downward movement of dry earth and rock.
LAHAR
What is it?
A fluid mass or mudflow with hardened volcanic debris
such as lava, rocks, etc. The wet debris may be
caused by rain, the sudden melting of snow, etc.
FLOODING
What is it?
A great flowing or overflowing of land that is usually
dry.
DROUGHT
What is it?
A long period of time with very low or no rainfall.
FOREST FIRES
What is it?
Uncontrolled fire in a forest.
WARM-UP 9/17
1. What landmark is this?
1.The Space Needle
2. Where is it located?
2.Seattle, Washington
3. Which culture created it?
3.American
4. Why/when was this landmark created? Why is it happening?
4.Built as an observation tower in 1962
5. What defining characteristics stand out to you?
Adapt
Arctic Circle
Converge
Middle
(Temperate)
Latitude Zone
Tropic of
Cancer
Tropic of
Capricorn
Perceptual
23 ½ °N
Transformation
Longitude
Prime
Meridian
Diverge
High (polar)
Latitude Zone
66°S
Formal
Functional
23 ½ °S
TODALS
Modify
Place
Subduction
Latitude
Low (Tropical)
Latitude Zone
Movement
Absolute
Location