Transcript CLASSIFICATION

TAXONOMY
 The
organizational system that
first identifies and then classifies
organisms based on physical
similarities
 Taxis means order
 Nomos means law or science
TAXONOMY
The
field of biology that identifies
organisms by 2 names, genus and
species.It also classifies organisms
(organizes living things into
groups that have biological
meaning) based on
_____________ ____________.
TAXONOMY
The
field of biology that identifies
organisms by 2 names, genus and
species.It also classifies organisms
(organizes living things into
groups that have biological
meaning) based on
binomial nomenclature.
Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)
 Swedish
biologist of
mid-1700’s who
developed the
biological system of
classification with
seven taxonomic
levels
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
•
•
Means “two-part naming”
An organism’s scientific name
consists of:
__________ name (general type)
__________ name (specific type)
Rules for Binomial Nomenclature
 Always
written in LATIN and in italics
 Genus name is written first and is
capitalized
 Species name is written second and is not
capitalized
LATIN is used because it is not widely spoken and
therefore the meanings of the word are not likely
to change.
THREE REASONS FOR
CLASSIFICATION
1. A universally accepted name
eliminates confusion caused
by common name differences
– EX: crayfish, crawdad,
mudbug are all common names
for….
Cambarus bartoni
Reasons for Classification cont.
2. Organizes large amounts of
information into manageable
levels
3. Reveals evolutionary
relationships between organisms
Other Examples:
Ursus
horribilis
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Canis lupus
Felis sylvestris
Panthera leo
Panthera tigris
Homo neanderthalis
Examples:
horribilis – Grizzly Bear
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Canis lupus
Felis sylvestris
Panthera leo
Panthera tigris
Homo neanderthalis
Ursus
Examples:
horribilis – Grizzly Bear
Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda
Canis lupus
Felis sylvestris
Panthera leo
Panthera tigris
Homo neanderthalis
Ursus
Examples:
horribilis – Grizzly bear
Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda
Canis lupus – Gray wolf
Felis sylvestris
Panthera leo
Panthera tigris
Homo neanderthalis
Ursus
Examples:
horribilis – Grizzly bear
Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda
Canis lupus – Gray wolf
Felis sylvestris - wildcat
Panthera leo
Panthera tigris
Homo neanderthalis
Ursus
Examples:
horribilis – Grizzly bear
Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda
Canis lupus – Gray wolf
Felis sylvestris - wildcat
Panthera leo - Lion
Panthera tigris
Homo neanderthalis
Ursus
Examples:
horribilis – Grizzly bear
Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda
Canis lupus – Gray wolf
Felis sylvestris - wildcat
Panthera leo - Lion
Panthera tigris - Tiger
Homo neanderthalis
Ursus
Examples:
horribilis – Grizzly bear
Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda
Canis lupus – Gray wolf
Felis sylvestris - wildcat
Panthera leo - Lion
Panthera tigris - Tiger
Homo neanderthalis - Neanderthal
Ursus
Mountain lion, panther, cougar
and puma are all common names
for…
Felis concolor
Phylogeny
This is the evolutionary tree or history of
an organism.
Derived from the Greek words
Phylo meaning tree
Geny meaning descent
Classification is according to genetic
relatedness.
Phylogeny
This is becoming more common as
genomes are being studied and common
genetic arrangements are found between
organisms. Fossil evidence is often
incomplete so biologists are using more
information from genetic mRNA
similarities.
Cladistics
This is a part of phylogeny. It organizes
life forms to show evolutionary
relatedness. Cladograms are a linear,
graphic representations of relatedness.
Taxonomy
Still
remains the main system
for biological classification.
Levels of Classification
Domain
- The most recently
th
added 8 taxonomic level,
which is even more inclusive
than a kingdom
The
other seven levels are:
Kingdom, phylum, class,
order, family, genus, species
– the broadest, most
general group into which the
organisms are divided.
Kingdom
Have similar characteristics such as:
cell structure, level of specialization
and method of obtaining nutrients
Species
- The most specific unit of
classification
Levels of Classification
–
 KINGOM –
 PHYLUM –
 CLASS –
 ORDER –
 FAMILY –
 GENUS –
 SPECIES Common name DOMAIN
Levels of Classification
– Eukarya
 KINGOM –
 PHYLUM –
 CLASS –
 ORDER –
 FAMILY –
 GENUS –
 SPECIES Common name DOMAIN
Eukarya
Levels of Classification
– Eukarya
 KINGOM – Animalia
 PHYLUM –
 CLASS –
 ORDER –
 FAMILY –
 GENUS –
 SPECIES Common name DOMAIN
Eukarya
Animalia
Levels of Classification
– Eukarya
 KINGOM – Animalia
 PHYLUM – Chordata
 CLASS –
 ORDER –
 FAMILY –
 GENUS –
 SPECIES Common name DOMAIN
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Levels of Classification
– Eukarya
 KINGOM – Animalia
 PHYLUM – Chordata
 CLASS –
Mammalia
 ORDER –
 FAMILY –
 GENUS –
 SPECIES Common name DOMAIN
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Levels of Classification
– Eukarya
 KINGOM – Animalia
 PHYLUM – Chordata
 CLASS –
Mammalia
 ORDER – Primates
 FAMILY –
 GENUS –
 SPECIES Common name DOMAIN
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Perissodactyla
Levels of Classification
– Eukarya
 KINGOM – Animalia
 PHYLUM – Chordata
 CLASS –
Mammalia
 ORDER – Primates
 FAMILY – Hominidae
 GENUS –
 SPECIES Common name DOMAIN
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Perissodactyla
Equidae
Levels of Classification
– Eukarya
 KINGOM – Animalia
 PHYLUM – Chordata
 CLASS –
Mammalia
 ORDER – Primates
 FAMILY – Hominidae
 GENUS – Homo
 SPECIES Common name DOMAIN
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Perissodactyla
Equidae
Equus
Levels of Classification
– Eukarya
 KINGOM – Animalia
 PHYLUM – Chordata
 CLASS –
Mammalia
 ORDER – Primates
 FAMILY – Hominidae
 GENUS – Homo
 SPECIES- sapiens
 Common name DOMAIN
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Perissodactyla
Equidae
Equus
caballus
Levels of Classification
– Eukarya
 KINGOM – Animalia
 PHYLUM – Chordata
 CLASS –
Mammalia
 ORDER – Primates
 FAMILY – Hominidae
 GENUS – Homo
 SPECIES- sapiens
 Common name- Humans
 DOMAIN
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Perissodactyla
Equidae
Equus
caballus
Domestic Horse
EXCEPTION TO THE RULE
 The
above categories apply to most, but
not all organisms
 Plant kingdom is divided into DIVISIONS
instead of phylums
 Bacteria are divided into groups called
STRAINS
Domain Archea
Includes Kingdom Archeobacteria –
Found in extreme environments, such
as hotsprings.
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
 Unicellular
prokaryotes
 All autotrophs
 EX: all ancient Bacteria
 Might
be the first living organisms
 Also found around fumarols or black
smokers
 Called EXTREMOPHILES
Domain Bacteria
Includes
Kingdom Eubacteria
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
 Unicellular
prokaryotes
 Some
heterotrophs and
autotrophs
 EX: all bacteria
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
 Majority
are beneficial to higher life forms
 Characteristics are: unicellular, prokaryotes,
heterotrophs and autotrophs.
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
 Cyanophyta-
is a phylum called blue-green
algae but is not algae. They get their energy
from photosynthesis.
 An important producer in salt and fresh
water.
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
– are rock formations formed
by fossilized cyanobacteria.
 As old as 2.8 billion years old (preCambrian)
 Possible formers of Earths oxygen
atmosphere
 May have led to near extinction of
anaerobic organisms
 Known as Spirulina, a superfood
 Stromatolites
Domain Eukarya
•
•
Includes
Kingdoms
Protista, Fungi,
Plants and
Animals
Have a nucleus
KINGDOM PROTISTA
•
Unicellular and
multicelluar
eukaryotes
• Some photosynthetic
autotrophs and
heterotrophs
• EX: amoebas, algae,
kelp and slime mold
KINGDOM PROTISTA are not:
•
•
•
•
Bacteria
Animals
Plants
fungi
KINGDOM PROTISTA are:
•
•
•
•
Mostly unicellular
Complex cells
Photosynthetic or decomposers or
predators or a combination of the
three
Some are huge like the kelp forests
KINGDOM FUNGI

Unicellular or
multicellular
eukaryotes
 All heterotrophs
 EX: molds,
mildews, yeast,
 mushrooms
KINGDOM FUNGI

Cannot make their own food
 Mostly decomposers
 Some slime and water molds are
significant water borne pathogens
 Some are parasitic
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Multicellular eukaryotes
 Have cell walls
 All photosynthetic
autotrophs
 Non-motile
 EX: mosses, ferns,
flowering and conebearing plants

KINGDOM PLANTAE
 Multicellular
eukaryotes
 Have cell walls
 Are all photosynthetic autotrophs
 EX: mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing
plant
 Second largest kingdom
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
 Multicellular
eukaryotes
 All heterotrophs
 Do not have cell walls
 EX: sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects
 Largest kingdom with over 1 million species
 Have complex cells