Transcript Automobile

Classification
Chapter 18
Non-Science Example of Classification
 The item in this picture is
 Automobile:
 Truck, Car, or SUV? Car
 Made by? Ford
 Type of Ford car? Mustang
-Was made in what year? 2002
-Is it Convertible? No
-Color? Silver
Classification: Goes from General to Specific
Automobile – Biggest
• Car
• Ford
• Mustang
• 2002
-Non Convertible
-Silver - Specific
How are living things
organized for study?
Classification
 To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
classification system to name organisms and
group them in a logical manner
 Why?
 Common names can be confusing (buzzard)
or misleading (starfish)
 Taxonomy: discipline of classifying
organisms and assigning each organism a
universally accepted name
 In science we use Binomial Nomenclature, a 2part naming system developed by Carolus
Linnaeus (1700s).
Early Classification – Aristotle 384-322 B.C.
 2 Groups: Plants and Animals
 Plants – Green, Non Mobile
 Animals – Not Green, Mobile
How would you classify this using
the Plant/Animal system?
Praying Mantis
Green but..
Mobile
Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough
Binomial Nomenclature

Rules:

Example
 Both words must be in italics or underlined.
 The first letter of the first word (the Genus) is CAPITALIZED.
 The second word (the species) is in lower case.
Felis catus
Kingdoms and Domains
There are 2 different Systems of Classification:
1) The 5-Kingdom System (now 6 kindoms)
1) Monera
 Eubacteria
 Archaebacteria
2) Protista
3) Fungi
4) Plantae
5) Animalia
2) The 3-Domain System (“superkingdoms”)
1) Archaea
2) Bacteria
3) Eukarya
Which is the most primitive?
3 Domains
3 Domains contain
6 Kingdoms
Classification
5 Kingdoms turns into 6
Monera is now
Eubacteria and
Archaeabacteria
Just another example of changes in
science
Classification System

Linnaeus created a classification system based
on organism’s form and structure.

He created 7 taxa (classification “groups”,
domain added later) from broadest to most
specific:
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools
Brown Squirrel
 Kingdom: Animalia (“is an animal”)
 Phylum: Chordata (“has a spine”)
 Class: Mammalia (“nurses its
young”)
 Order: Rodentia (“has long sharp
front teeth”)
 Family: Scuridae (“has a bushy tail”)
 Genus: Tamiasciurus (“climbs trees”)
 Species: hudsonicus (“has brown fur
on its back and white fur on its
underparts”)
How do we determine
how similar or how
dissimilar certain
organisms are?
Cladistics
 Cladistics is one method of reconstructing
phylogenies (how they are related) based on
derived traits.
 Patterns of shared characteristics
 Derived traits are new characteristics that
arise as lineages evolve over time.
 These derived traits are displayed on a
cladogram.
 Shows the evolutionary relationships
among a group of organisms
Cladogram
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
 A tool used to identify objects or
organisms.
 A list of characteristics become more
narrow as they describe the
particular item of interest.
 Forced-choice selection between two
characteristic options
 Follow directions next to
characteristic until you get to a
species
Practice
Let’s look at an example together…..


Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Bacteria
Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus)


Ecologically Diverse – live everywhere!
Cell Walls contain substance called
Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar

Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Food Poisoning

Not all bad….used to turn grapes into wine

Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, Streptococcus, E. coli
Kingdom Archaeabacteria
Domain Archaea
Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)
Heterotrophs and Autotroph
Cells Walls without peptidogylcan
Live in Extreme environments like
those of early Earth
ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..
some even live in your gut
Examples: halophiles, Methanogens
Summary of Bacteria
All Unicellular Prokaryotes
(No Nucleus)
Heterotrophs or
Autotrophs
What is the big difference?
Cell Wall – Does it have
Peptidoglycan?
Archaebacteria
Bacteria – With Peptidoglycan
Archaea – Without Peptidoglycan
Domain Eukarya
Contains Multiple Kingdoms:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Eukaryotic – Has a nucleus
Single or multi-cellular
Most visible life
Humans are in Domain Eukarya
Diatom
Kingdom Protista
 Domain Eukarya
 Eukaryotic
 Majority are unicellular,
but some are colonial or
multicellular.
 Heterotrophs and autotrophs
 May or may not have a cell wall
 Extreme diversity! Can be plant like
or animal like.
 Examples:
Algae, Amoeba,
Paramecium, Euglena, Volvox,
giant kelp, slime molds.
Kingdom Fungi - Mushrooms
All in the same domain as us!
Kingdom Fungi
 Domain Eukarya
 Eukaryotic; cell walls of
chitin.
 Majority multicellular; few
unicellular.
 Heterotrophs; feed on dead or
decaying
 organic matter. (_Decomposer_)
 Examples: Mushrooms, yeast,
bread mold.
Bread
Mold
Kingdom Plantae
 Domain Eukarya
 Eukaryotic, multicellular,
cell walls of cellulose.
 Autotrophs; photosynthesis
 chloroplast.
 Examples:
Mosses, ferns,
flowering plants, cacti.
Kingdom Animalia

Domain Eukarya

Eukaryotic, multicellular,
no cell walls.

Heterotrophs

Extreme diversity is
found in this kingdom

Examples: Sponges, worms,
insects, fishes, mammals,
reptiles.