Transcript Sanitation

SANITATION
Sanitation
• Sanitation refers to all conditions that
affect need health
• Is the hygienic means of preventing
human contact from the hazards of wastes
to promote health
• Hazards can be physically or
microbiologically
Microbiology
• The study of Microscopic living beings, including
bacteria, viruses, yeasts and molds.
• Microbiology is the biological science on which
sanitation is based
• The Housekeeper, should have some knowledge of
microbiology to develop routine cleaning procedures
like
– Odour control methods
– Waste disposal methods
– Pest control methods
Introduction to different microbes
Microbiology
• The study of micro-organisms is called
microbiology and it can be only seen through a
microscope
• Diseases such as cholera, malaria, pneumonia
and fever are all caused due to micro-organisms
• The micro-organisms often grow rapidly in dark
stagnant air
Cont….
• So, a hospital should let in maximum
sunlight and be well ventilated
• Basic cleaning such as dusting, cleaning
and mopping should be carried out several
times a day
• Some are disease causing
microorganisms. These are classified as
bacteria, fungi and virus
Different types of microbes
Bacteria
• Bacteria are unicellular living microorganisms
• Some bacteria requires oxygen to multiply are
called as ‘Aerobes’
• Others that do not need oxygen to multiply
are called ‘Anaerobes’
Different types of Microbes
Fungi
• Fungi cause diseases in the hair, nails, skin and
mucous membranes
• They can cause corneal ulcers and also affect
the mouth region
• It is responsible for pus formation
• Fusarium and Aspergillus Contida cause ulcers
in the cornea
Virus
• Viruses are smaller than bacteria and
visible only through electron microscope
• They can cause diseases like cold,
influenza, pox, herpes zoster, jaundice,
AIDS
Methods of infection control
• The main object of infection control measures is
to eliminate reservoirs and to block the means of
transmission
• Disinfectants should be properly used to control
infection
• Their usefulness, goes beyond the normal
cleaning process – for ex. The use of germicide
in mop water
Cont…..
• It must be emphasized, that there is no
substitute for careful cleaning
Bacterial,
Laden dust
(Reservoir/
Source of
infection)
Air
(Vector)
Patient in
hospital (Host)
Disinfection
• Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are
applied to non-living objects to destroy
microorganisms, the process of which is known
as disinfection. ...
• Disinfection refers to the reduction of
pathogens (disease causing organisms), while
sanitation refers to the quality of cleanliness. ...
Anti – microbe disinfectant (Antiseptic)
• Chemicals that destroy the growth and
prevent the multiplication of microbes
• There are three methods of disinfection.
- Natural method
- Physical method
- Chemical method
1. Natural method of disinfection
Sunlight
- Direct and continuous exposure to sunlight
kills many disease producing organisms
- The ultra violet rays of the sun kills the
bacteria
2. Physical method of disinfection
a. Moist heat
- Boiling
- Passing vapour/steam
Cont….
- Compressed steaming
- Pasteurization: In this method, certain
articles are brought to a certain
temperature then rapidly cooled and
maintained at this cooled temperature
b. Dry heat
- Exposure to heat
- Burning the articles that contain germs
c. Boiling
- Boiling articles for five minutes in water kills
the microbes
- It takes 30 minutes for microbes with sperm to
die
d. Compressed steam
- When steam is pressurized it increases to
100°C from its original temperature
- Two parts in the autoclave – inner chamber
and the outer chamber
Cont…..
• The materials to be disinfected are put in
the inner chamber and heated
• The pressure and the temperature of
steam increases to 15lb and 120°C
respectively
• Articles that are disinfected using an
autoclave are 1. Blood instruments for
surgery 2. Clothes used in OT (Mask, Cap
and the surgical gowns worn by doctors
and nurses)
3. Chemical method
This involves killing germs using chemicals such
as
• Carbolic acid - is a germicide which
contains carbonic acid and
soap
• Dettol
- 10 - 20 drops of dettol are
added to a glass of water to
wash and disinfect room
- It is also used to wash
hands
Cont…..
• Spirit
- is used as a hand scrub
• Bleaching
powder
- is used to clean places
which are dirtied by
faeces and urine
• Iodine
- is used as 7% tincture
iodine to kill germs that
are present in the skin
• Potassium
permanganate
- is used to cleanse sores
and as a mouth wash
To control the spread of infection
• Give top priority to the cleaning of
horizontal surfaces and also give proper
attention to cleaning
• The use of properly filtered vacuum
cleaners is acceptable for cleaning
• Provide plastic film or waxed paper bags
for the disposal of infected materials
Odour control
• The most effective way to deodorize
garbage collection areas & soiled linen
storage areas with fresh air, removal of the
causes, and frequent cleaning with a
detergent-disinfectant solution
Waste disposal
• The waste must be disposed of in a economical
efficient and sanitary way
• Safety against fire, prevention of cross
contamination by infections materials, odour
control and pest control are all included in waste
disposal procedures
• The housekeepers should make regular tour of
the waste disposal area to be sure that the
procedures are being followed correctly and that
safety measures are being taken