Transcript Kingdom Archaebacteria

By Alexis Avila & Nilanka Lord
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Relatively new discovery so we don’t know
too much about them
Classification is very difficult
Originally classified under Kingdom Monera
with the rest of the bacteria
Studies showed that 50% of their genes did
not resemble those of other bacteria
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Can only live in areas without oxygen
Extremophillic (thrive under extreme
conditions)
Prokaryotic (very similar to bacteria)
 Single-celled
 No nucleus
 No membrane bound organelles
 Navigate using one or more flagella
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Volume is about one-thousandth that of
eukaryotes
Can be cocci, bacilli, or spirilla in shape
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Cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan
Phospholipid bilayer
 Composed of glycerol-ether lipids, unlike bacteria
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One or more flagella
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Reproduce asexually via binary fission
(prokaryotic)
 Binary fission: when a single DNA molecule
replicates and two identical cells are created from
original cell
World's most prolific methane producers
Play a big role in digestion in many organisms
Some are found in the gut of humans and assist
in digestion
 Forms symbiotic relationships with:
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▪ Giant tube worms (Riftia pachyptila)
▪ Termites
▪ Herbivores (like cows and horses)
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Suspected to play a role in periodontal disease,
but not proven
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Archaebacteria have 4 ways of getting food:
 Photoautotrophic- Calvin Cycle (light energy + CO2)
 Chemoautotrophic- reverse Krebs cycle (inorganic
chemicals + CO2)
 Photoheterotrophic- use light + organic chemicals to make
food
 Chemoheterotrophic- undergo respiration, either Krebs,
TCA, or Citric Acid cycle, and then ETC (organic chemicals
+ CO2)
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Thermotaxis (movement toward extreme
temperatures)
Evolution of thermotaxis due to lack of
competition for survival
Methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
(Make METHANE)
(Love HEAT & ACID)
Halophiles
(Love SALT)
Found in oxygen-free environments
Produce methane gas from HO2 & CO2
Can live and produce in conditions other bacteria
can’t survive in
 Most are coccoid or rod-like in shape (few exhibit a
plate-like shape)
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Cluster of coccoid methanogens
http://faculty.college-prep.org/~bernie/sciproject/project/Kingdoms/Bacteria3/methanogens.htm
Found in the guts of
rumen (like cows)
 Turn H2 into CH4
(methane)
 Cows release this
methane into the
atmosphere
 Scientists looking for a
way to limit their
production of methane
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http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/newindex/tuku/MYPER/a2/750.htm
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Require salt-rich environments to survive
(due to high internal salt concentration)
Like plants, they use sunlight as a source of
photosynthetic energy
Get their color and chemical energy from
bacteriorhodopsin (a light-sensitive
pigment)
Most are rod-shaped (bacilli)
Prevalent bacteria in the
Great Salt Lake
 Can survive in salt
concentrations 10x saltier
than that of the oceans
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http://domescobar.blogspot.com/2011/11/oito-criaturas-da-terra-que-poderiam.html
http://school.nettrekker.com/goExternal?np=/external.ftl&pp=/error.ftl&evlCode=255279&productName=school&HOMEPAGE=H
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Can live and thrive in extremely hot, sulferic,
and/or acidic environments
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Include:
Thermophiles= thrive in extremely high
temperatures
Acidophiles= pH tolerant (function at 1-5 pH)
Sulfolobus= thrive in sulfur-rich environments
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Live in giant, deep-sea
tube worms called Riftia
pachyptila
Share a symbiotic
relationship with the tube
worms
Make food and energy for
the tube worms via
chemosynthesis
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2007/rossing_jaco/images/tubeworms.jpgGOVwww.nsf.gov.jpg
Found in sulfur-rich,
acidic environments
 Grows optimally at
80⁰C
 Capable of living in
extremely acidic
circumstances (1-5 pH)
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http://www.sulfosys.com/tl_files/sulfosys/sulfolobus/Zelle.jpg
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
peptidoglycan
flagellin
bacteriorhodopsin
chitin
phycobilins
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
archaea
viruses
protists
fungi
plants
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Archaebacteria
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Methanogens
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http://faculty.college-prep.org/~bernie/sciproject/project/Kingdoms/Bacteria3/methanogens.htm
http://www.angelfire.com/ks3/lditton/archaebacteria.html
http://www.enotes.com/science/q-and-a/methanogens-halophiles-thermoacidophiles-3-groups-156123
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/arch/2010/945785/
Halophiles
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http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Refere
nce&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=SCIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE
%7CCV2644030155&mode=view
http://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/archaea.shtml
http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v1/n1/full/ismej20078a.html
http://school.nettrekker.com/goExternal?np=/external.ftl&pp=/error.ftl&evlCode=240911&productName=sc
hool&HOMEPAGE=H
http://www.pnas.org/content/101/16/6176.long
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plsept98.htm
http://mmbr.asm.org/content/62/2/504.full
Thermoacidophiles
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http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DASORT&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=lcpsh&tabID=T003&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESUL
T_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&contentSet=GALE%7CA168
664452&&docId=GALE|A168664452&docType=GALE&role=ITOF