Transcript New leopard species

Chapter 26
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 26-2 Why are humans more closely related to mushrooms than plants?
Fig. 26-3 Which level
contains species with the
most traits in common and
are therefore more closely
related?
Species:
Panthera
pardus
Genus: Panthera
Family: Felidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
Bacteria
Domain: Eukarya
Archaea
Order
Family Genus
Panthera
pardus
Taxidea
Taxidea
taxus
Lutra
Mustelidae
Panthera
Felidae
Carnivora
Fig. 26-4 Indicate by
writing a number 1 on
this figure the common
ancestor of the
Mustelidae and Canidae
families.
Species
Lutra lutra
Canis
Canidae
Canis
latrans
Canis
lupus
Fig. 26-5 Redraw this tree,
rotating the branches around
branch points 2 and 4. Does
your new version tell a different
story about the evolutionary
relationships between the taxa?
Branch point
(node)
Taxon A
Taxon B
4
ANCESTRAL
LINEAGE
Taxon C
2
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
Common ancestor of
taxa A–F
Polytomy
Sister
taxa
Fig. 26-7 Explain why
these analogous
structures are a result of
convergent and not
divergent evolution.
Fig. 26-8b The two sequences denoted in 3 are not identical. What must computer models take into account before lining
up sequences for comparison?
3
4
Fig. 26-9 Why might you expect organisms that are not closely related to nevertheless share roughly 25% of their bases?
Fig. 26-10 Match up the description of the group with the appropriate image.
Consists of one ancestral species
and all its descendants.
A
Consists of more than one
ancestral species.
Consists of one ancestral species
but not all its descendants
A
A
B
B
C
C
C
D
D
D
E
E
F
F
F
G
G
G
B
Group I
(a) Monophyletic group (clade)
Group II
(b) Paraphyletic group
E
Group III
(c) Polyphyletic group
Leopard
TAXA
Tuna
Fig. 26-11a Based upon the data provided, construct a phylogenetic tree.
Vertebral column
(backbone)
0
1
1
1
1
1
Hinged jaws
0
0
1
1
1
1
Four walking legs
0
0
0
1
1
1
Amniotic (shelled) egg
0
0
0
0
1
1
Hair
0
0
0
0
0
1
(a) Character table
Fig. 26-12 In which vertebrate lineage has the studied gene evolved most rapidly? Explain.
Drosophila
Lancelet
Zebrafish
Frog
Chicken
Human
Mouse
Fig. 26-15-2 How does the sequence of the ancestral species change to produce the first tree? Second? Third?
Site
1
2
3
4
Species I
C
T
A
T
I
I
III
Species II
C
T
T
C
II
III
II
Species III
A
G
A
C
III
II
I
Ancestral
sequence
A
G
T
T
Fig. 26-15-3 How does the sequence for the ancestral species change to produce the first tree? Second? Third?
Site
1
2
3
4
Species I
C
T
A
T
Species II
C
T
T
C
Species III
A
G
A
C
Ancestral
sequence
A
G
T
T
1/C
I
1/C
II
I
III
III
II
1/C
II
III
1/C
I
1/C
I
I
III
II
III
II
III
II
I
Fig. 26-15-4 To identify the most parsimonious tree, total all the base change events and record that value in the blank space
below. Which tree is the most parsimonious and explain why.
Site
1
2
3
4
Species I
C
T
A
T
Species II
C
T
T
C
Species III
A
G
A
C
Ancestral
sequence
A
G
T
T
1/C
I
1/C
II
I
III
III
II
1/C
II
III
I
1/C
3/A
2/T
I
2/T
3/A
3/A 4/C
3/A
4/C
III
II
2/T
4/C
II
III
_____
events
I
III
II
4/C
1/C
I
2/T 3/A
2/T 4/C
I
I
III
II
III
II
III
II
I
______
events
______
events
Fig. 26-16 What makes a phylogenetic tree a working hypothesis of evolutionary relationships? What can
cause scientists to modify the phylogenetic tree?
Lizards
and snakes
Crocodilians
Common
ancestor of
crocodilians,
dinosaurs,
and birds
Ornithischian
dinosaurs
Saurischian
dinosaurs
Birds
Fig. 26-17 How can scientists use fossils to support phylogenetic predictions about behavior?
Front limb
Hind limb
Eggs
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor
and eggs
(b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture
Fig. 26-19 Use the clock to estimate the divergence time for a mammal with a total of 30 mutations in the seven proteins.
90
60
30
0
0
30
60
90
Divergence time (millions of years)
120
Fig. 26-20 Based
upon the data
collected from
1959 to the
present day, when
did the HIV-1 M
strain first spread
to humans? What
is this method of
obtaining the value
called?
0.20
0.15
0.10
Computer model
of HIV
Range
0.05
0
1900
1920
1940
1960
Year
1980 2000
Fig. 26-21 Based on this diagram, which domain was the first to diverge? Which is the sister domain to Eukarya?
EUKARYA
Dinoflagellates
Forams
Ciliates Diatoms
Red algae
Land plants
Green algae
Cellular slime molds
Amoebas
Euglena
Trypanosomes
Leishmania
Animals
Fungi
Sulfolobus
Green nonsulfur bacteria
Thermophiles
Halophiles
(Mitochondrion)
COMMON
ANCESTOR
OF ALL
LIFE
Methanobacterium
ARCHAEA
Spirochetes
Chlamydia
Green
sulfur bacteria
BACTERIA
Cyanobacteria
(Plastids, including
chloroplasts)
Fig. 26-22 Use the endosymbiotic theory to explain the gene transfer at sites 2 and 3.
Bacteria
3
2
Eukarya
Archaea
4
3
2
Billions of years ago
1
0