Transcript PPT File

ESA funded project
BIOSIS
BioSafety In Space
Automated biomonitoring of air, surfaces and water quality in human spacecraft
ESA GSP – AO/1-7182/12/NL/AF
ISLSWG workshop on bioregenerative life support
Objectives
To review the biological risks for
the crew due to biocontamination
related to air, surfaces and water
quality
To identify knowledge
gaps of non-detected /
non-mitigated risks
To provide
recommendations for
future development of
automated
instrumentation
Work breakdown
WP1 - Current
knowledge and
risks (TN1)
18/05/2015
WP2 - Gaps
and remaining
risks (TN2)
WP3 - Review
of ground
technologies
of interest
(TN3)
BIOSIS
WP4 - Tradeoff on
technologies
of interest
(TN4)
WP5 Recommendati
ons for future
developments
(TN5)
2
BIOSIS consortium
PARTNERS
MEDES + external
expert JP. Flandrois
(resp TN5)
DLR
SCK.CEN (Resp TN1&2)
Compliance
VTT (resp. TN4)
UEF (resp TN3)
+ BIOSIS expert workshop:
22 attendees (7 external experts –
industry, clinical laboratories,
space microbiology, space
medicine)
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Current Knowledge

Observed microbial communities in manned space stations: mainly human-associated
microbial community
 The crew is the primary source of biological contamination

Air + Surface



Water


Detected Bacteria and Fungi below the acceptable threshold levels
Strong fluctuations of fungal concentration have been observed (surfaces)
Regular contamination events have been reported
Current monitoring methods


Solely based on cultivation techniques
Discrepancies between culture-dependent and independent techniques and variations within the
same technique
 Microbial environment is currently only partially identified
 Current prevention, monitoring and mitigation methods have to be
optimized and new methods need to be considered.
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Current Biomonitoring techniques

Pre-flight prevention and analyses
 Disinfection and screening for microoganisms (bacteria and fungi) of each cargo before flight. Both
identification and quantification of possible pathogens.

In-flight monitoring
 Regular collection of air and water samples and
surface swabs.
 Russian side: Post-flight analysis only
 US side: Cultivation of the samples and visual
identification of the crew (use of colony charts) or
analytical system measurement (PCBA, Urine
chemstrip). Results are reported to ground +
Post flight analysis
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Preflight
In-flight
Postflight
Crew
X
X
X
Air
X
X
Internal
surfaces
X
X
Water
X
X
Food
X
5
Gaps

Current Biomonitoring strategy
 Solely based on cultivation techniques (low throughput, partial identification,
production of biohazard material)
 Highly dependent on ground support
 Bacteria and fungi partially detected, Archae not detected
 Hot spots for biocontamination not systematically analyzed
 Frequency of sampling based on flight operational constraints should be optimized.
(Tools and frequency)
 Lack of accurate predictive model
 Possibility that species might be modified during the flight not taken into account
It is not possible to predict the direct risk for the crew health.
The indirect risks due to biodegradation of the equipment including possibly the life support
system need to be assessed
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Towards an improved environmental control strategy
IMPROVED MONITORING
Steady state
monitoring
IMPROVED PREVENTION & CONTROL
MEASURES
Emergency
monitoring
Cleaning /
disinfection
Predictive
modelling
Innovative
surfaces
ADDITIONAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
Biofilm formation, Evolution of the microbial environment in spacecrafts
Gut microbiota of astronauts
Research to support medical infection management …
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Towards improved monitoring
Proposed approach
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Logic of the proposed monitoring strategy
On-line monitoring
Basic robust analysis system
(e.g. optical system)
BIOMONITORING DEVICE
Quality
check
Quality
check
SAMPLING
OPTIMIZED
BIOMATERIAL
RETRIEVAL/
EXTRACTION
SAMPLE
PREPARATION
DNA/RNA
extraction
Quality
check
1st step
monitoring
Analysis /
Bioinformatics
Interpretation
of results
Deviation
from
steady
state
Yes
2nd step
monitoring
Analysis /
Bioinformatics
Interpretation
of results
No
SAMPLING
PLANS
SAMPLING
EQUIPMENT
MITIGATIONS ACTIONS
INNOVATIVE
SURFACES
MODELING
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CLEANING /
DECONTAMINATION
VENTILATION
REPLACEMENT OF
MATERIALS (e.g. filters)
OTHERS
9
Recommended R&D for monitoring
5
0
10
Short term
15
Mid term
Long term
SUPPORTING RESEARCH
TECHNOLOGICAL R&D
Integrated automated monitoring system based
on qRT-PCR or similar molecular analysis system
Assessment – follow up of new
generation sequencing
technologies evolution
20
Integration with a new generation
sequencing technique
Integrated dynamic expert
system for identification of
contamination source and
rapid response definition
(integration between monitoring
system and mitigation actions)
Development /optimization of sampling
equipment
Further characterization of ISS microbiome – steady state
of ISS, evolution of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi,
archae + MGE), links with env. conditions
Refinement of sampling plans, standards and procedures
Bio contamination risk assessment methodology (air,
surface and water)
0
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Short term
5
Mid term
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15
Long term
20
10
Possible improvements for
mitigation actions / control
measures
MITIGATIONS ACTIONS
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INNOVATIVE
SURFACES
CLEANING /
DECONTAMINATION
VENTILATION
MODELING
REPLACEMENT OF
MATERIALS (e.g. filters)
OTHERS
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Modelling / ventilation
5
TECHNOLOGICAL R&D
0
10
Short term
15
Mid term
Integration with
biofilm formation
modeling
Airborne biocontamination
modeling: spreading,
deposition and adherence
20
Long term
Predictive model for rational design to
prevent biocontamination and to optimize
countermeasure efficiency + optimisation
of monitoring strategy
Modeling of
emission of
contaminated
surfaces
Dynamic modeling use for onboard risk
assessment
Modeling of biodiversity
evolution
Early risk detection capabilities
SUPPORTING RESEARCH
Study on effects of electrostatic forces
+ spacecraft specific environment on
spreading / adherence
Microbial health risk assessment
modeling (NASA?)
Early risk assessment and decision-support
for countermeasure including automated
countermeasure (e.g. ventilation
adaptation, env. Conditions…)
Study of specific conditions favoring
microbial survival and growth
Study of biofilm formation under
spacecraft environment : initiators,
favorable conditions definition,
modification of the biofilm structure
Refining design standards to prevent biocontamination (ventilation,
materials, surface geometries, environmental conditions…)
Study transient behavior of respiratory
particles
0
Short term
5
Mid term
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Long term
20
12
Cleaning / disinfection
5
TECHNOLOGICAL R&D
0
Short term
10
15
Mid term
20
Long term
Development / evaluation of innovative surfaces and other
complementary cleaning methods to target hidden surfaces
Expert system to support
dynamic cleaning procedure
adaptation based on onboard
measurements + modeling
Refinement of plans / procedures for cleaning
based in particular on predictive modeling to
refine target areas & Required frequency
SUPPORTING RESEARCH
Deeper evaluation of current
mitigation actions under
relevant conditions and on
natural mixed cultures
Evaluation of possible complementary
disinfectants / decontamination
(compl. disinfectants, biocides, Plasma,
UV LEDs, other filters) means under the
same conditions
Research on specific alterations due to
spacecraft environment inducing increased
resistance (altered physiology, differences
in biofilm formation)
0
Short term
5
Mid term
15
Long term
20
Innovative surfaces
5
0
Short term
10
15
Mid term
Long term
TECHNOLOGICAL R&D
Antimicrobial surfaces
Smart collection surfaces
Antifouling surfaces
+ Antibonding surfaces
Smart detection surfaces,
automated biodegradation
assessment
SUPPORTING
RESEARCH
Preventive anti-biodegradation
properties
Evaluation of different antimicrobial
/ anti-fouling surfaces
Evaluation of efficiency in space
specific context
Characterization of adherence
mechanisms / growth / biofilm
formation
Evaluation of possible smart
properties favoring collection and
cleaning
Biodegradation risk evaluations:
corrosion potential, other possible
indirect risks
Evaluation of possible technologies
for integrating detection capabilities
inside the material
0
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Short term
20
5
Mid term
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Smart cleaning
surfaces/reusable after cleaning
15
Long term
20
14
Additional transverse supporting research
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Biofilms
Refinement of standards and procedures
Biocontaminant evolution after long exposure in space
Gut microbiota of astronauts
Medical infection management
 Microbial health risk
 Additional equipment to manage infections:
• To support diagnosis and follow up of infections (white blood cell count capacity)
• Identification of cause of infection -> link with equipment proposed for
environmental monitoring
• Antibiotic susceptibility testing
 Additional scientific research: immune system, pharmacokinetics/dynamics,
increased pathogenicity/resistance of microorganisms, gut microbiome of
astronauts...
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Conclusion


Multiple reported contamination events indicate that the current prevention,
monitoring and mitigation strategy has to be optimized.
Monitoring
 Short to mid-term: automated system based on molecular analysis technology
 Longer term – New Generation Sequencing Techniques
 Mitigation actions
 Deeper analysis of current mitigation actions
 Evaluation of alternative complementary methods to be used in combination with
current ones: non-thermal plasma, UV LEDs other ventilation filters
 Predictive modelling
 Innovative surfaces

Scientific research
 Refinement of standards and procedures
 Biofilms, gut microbiome, evolution of microorganisms under microgravity ...

Significant earth applications may be envisaged

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Public buildings, transportation vehicles, hospitals...
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