Transcript 11-32082998 Biofuel from Pectin Biomassx

Biofuel from pectin-rich biomass
1.Author’s profile
2.Executive Summary
3.Background of papers
4.Summary
4.1 Article 1
4.2 Article 2
5. Comparative Analysis
6. References
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Author’s profile
Hu Shi 32082998
Hello everyone! My name is Hu Shi and I am currently doing a major in
Biotechnology and Biomedical Science.
My topic is fermentation of pectin-rich biomass with normal type and
recombinant ethanologens to produce fuel ethanol as a biofuel.
I chose this topic as I found the idea that pectin-rich biomass, an underutilized waste product, can augment many countries’ ethanol supplies
by capitalizing on this already established feedstock. It somehow can be an
potential renewable resource for the liquid fuel in the future.
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Executive summary
Currently, pectin-rich biomass is sold as animal feed at a low value, this work will
compare two scientific articles related to the production of ethanol by using these
types of pectin-rich biomass: sugar beet pulp, citrus waste and galacturonic acid.
Fermentation of these materials have been conducted with a variety of ethanologens,
including yeasts and some bacteria as well as some of recombinant bacteria under
various conditions.
The aim is to understand how effective of the different species of ethanologens ferment
the pectin-rich biomass as compared to the recombinant ones and their degradation
products as well in order to optimise ethanol production.
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Background of papers
With a worldwide increase in the consumption and gradual diminishing
of fossil fuels, the search for renewable energy sources has also become
increasingly important. Bio-fuels such as ethanol have attractive
prospects in the industry.
Pectin-rich biomass, an under-utilized waste product of industry, can
augment the world’s ethanol supplies by capitalizing on this already
established feedstock(Meredith C. Edwards & Joy Doran-Peterson,2012).
Currently, the biofuel ethanol can be produced by a series of pathways,
the figure can be seen below.
For the purpose of
this study the main
focus will be on the
sugar platform which
utilize hydrolysis of
pectin-rich residues
followed by ethanolic
fermentation by
various bacteria.
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Summary – Article1
Pectin-rich biomass as feedstock for fuel ethanol production
Meredith C. Edwards & Joy Doran-Peterson
Overview
The industrial processing of fruits resulting in pectin-rich waste produces a favorable biomass for
ethanol production. Most sugar beet pulp fermentations were conducted using autoclaving at 121
°C for 20 minutes to minimize contamination, followed by enzymatic digestion and fermentation
of the resulting carbohydrates. Therefore several kinds of ethanologens were introduced to see
the efficiency of the fermentation process.
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Material
Three most studied types of pectin-rich biomass: sugar beet pulp, citrus waste and apple
pomace. Fermentations of these materials have been conducted with a variety of
ethanologens including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and other ethanologens,
such as Kluyveromyces marxianus, E. chrysanthemi and K. oxytoca.
Summary contd – Article1
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Pectin-rich biomass as feedstock for fuel ethanol production
Meredith C. Edwards & Joy Doran-Peterson
Results
Early fermentations were
conducted with S. cerevisiae. Some
advantages of using S. cerevisiae
include its ability to tolerate high
substrate concentrations and high
ethanol concentrations, as well as
relatively low pH and oxygen levels,
making it a robust organism for the
fermentation process. Detailed
results can be obtained from Table3
E. coli does not tolerate ethanol as
well as S. cerevisiae . Therefore, E.
coli and commercial enzymes
required for degradation of the
plant cell wall (which have an acidic
optimum pH) cannot reach their
maximum activities simultaneously
during biomass fermentation.
Other different strains of E. coli
were also compared based on their
yields and requirement of pH as
well as parameters. . Detailed
results can be obtained from Table4
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Pectin-rich biomass as feedstock for fuel ethanol production
Results contd
Meredith C. Edwards & Joy Doran-Peterson
Other organisms have been used for ethanol production from pectin-rich materials as well. Detailed results
can be obtained onTable5(Shown on next slide). Research has focused on strains that are thermotolerant,
which can produce their own cell wall degrading enzymes or organisms that are able to metabolize a wide
variety of sugars. Both bacterial ethanologens use the mixed acid fermentation pathway to metabolize
sugars and will produce organic acid co-products similarly to E. coli.
Discussion
All of the ethanologens used in the experiment produce some acetate during pectin-rich biomass
fermentations.The production of side products like acetate decreases the amount of ethanol.
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Fermenting pectin-rich residues is citrus waste specific, the presence of the inhibitor Dlimonene which
produce from citrus would also decrease ethanol yields.
It has been suggested that gram-negative organisms, like E. coli, tend to be more resistant to some terpenes,
including limonene, which indicate the increase of ethanol yields.
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Table5
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Summary – Article 2
Fermentations of Pectin-Rich Biomass with Recombinant Bacteria
to Produce Fuel Ethanol
JOY BETHUNE DORAN,* JENNIFER CRIPE,MISTY SUTTON, AND BRIAN FOSTER
Overview
Pectin-rich residues from sugar beet processing contain significant carbohydrates and
insignificant amounts of lignin. Beet pulp was evaluated for conversion to ethanol using
recombinant bacteria as biocatalysts. The three recombinant bacteria evaluated in this study,
Escherichia coli strain KO11, Klebsiella oxytoca strain P2, and Erwinia chrysanthemi EC 16
pLOI 555, ferment carbohydrates in beet pulp with varying efficiencies.
Materials and Methods
Two genes from Z. mobilis encoding alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase
were introduced into three bacteria: E. coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Erwinia chrysanthemi
EC 16, with various conditions provided, fermentation experiments were conducted in a
six-station magnetic stirrer was placed beneath a water bath and maintained at 100 rpm.
Galacturonic acid fermentations were conducted at a pH of 6.0 and temperature at 30°C.
Ethanol concentration was determined by gasliquid chromatography as previously
described .Fermentation broths from galacturonic acid fermentations were examined for
organic acid production by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet
detection.
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Fermentations of Pectin-Rich Biomass with Recombinant Bacteria to
Produce Fuel Ethanol
Backgrou
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JOY BETHUNE DORAN,* JENNIFER CRIPE,MISTY SUTTON, AND BRIAN FOSTER
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Results
Galacturonic Acid Fermentation
Fermentation with galacturonic acid indicate that E. coli KO11 gave the highest
ethanol yield(Table 1). All strains produced some ethanol and varying amounts of
acetic acid. Recombinant Erwinia produced the greatest amounts of acetic acid and
succinic acid. Yield for ethanol production was lowest for K. oxytoca P2, which also
produced both acetic and succinic acid.
Fermentation with Sugar Beet Pulp: Pressed or Pelletized
Fermentations with sugar beet pulp either pressed or dried and pelleted were
performed with and without fungal enzymes. The result is shown inTable2, which
suggest that E. coli KO11 had the highest yield for ethanol production, but did not
possess any hydrolytic enzymes to contribute to a bioconversion process.
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Discussion
Enzymatic processes are currently expensive, but they can operate with
high yields and generate few inhibitory side products.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of pectin-rich processing residue such as sugar
beet pulp appears to be much more amenable to enzymatic degradation
than lignified cellulosic substrates.
E. coli KO11 appears to show the most promise for a biocatalyst, even
though it does not produce any enzymes on its own for the degradation
of plant material. E. chrysanthemi and K. oxytoca both possess enzymes
in the native state that could help degrade plant material; however, these
enzymes do not appear to confer any advantage to these organisms in
our process.
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Comparative Analysis
The scientific research from both Meredith C. Edwards et al. and JOY BETHUNE DORAN
et al focus on the fermentation of pectin-rich biomass by using the different bacteria. Their
working aim to find the effectiveness of different types of bacteria, how they convert the
pectin-rich waste to ethanol and their by-products.
The study conducted by Meredith C. Edwards et al were relatively simple, as it was straight
away compared different yeast and bacteria strains which were used to ferment the
biomass. Some of by-products also mentioned, such as acetate acid and Dlimonene which
would decrease the amount of ethanol. E.coli was proved to be the currently best option
for pectin-rich biomass fermentation. It can metabolize all of the sugars present in the
biomass and has been engineered to produce high ethanol yields with limited unwanted coproducts.
The research performed by Joy Bethune Doran et al aimed at providing a more specific
choices bacteria, as they used three types of recombinant bacteria and made comparison
between them in order to see a better efficiency. However, as this experiment required a
certain load of enzyme, the whole process could be relatively expensive. On the other hand,
they could operate with high yields and generate few inhibitory side products, such as
acetic acid and succinic acid. They also believed that with a furthermore modification such
as replacement of biocatalyst and optimization of conditions, this may become a moreefficient process.
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References
Image reference:
http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ethanol/cellulosic.cfm
http://jcwinnie.biz/wordpress/?p=845
Context reference:
•Meredith
C. Edwards & Joy Doran-Peterson, Pectin-rich biomass as feedstock for fuel
ethanol production,2012.
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Table5
Summary
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•JOY
BETHUNE DORAN,* JENNIFER CRIPE,MISTY SUTTON, AND BRIAN FOSTER,
Fermentations of Pectin-Rich Biomass with Recombinant Bacteria to Produce Fuel
Ethanol,2000.
•Doran
JB, Cripe J, Sutton M, Foster B (2000) Fermentations of pectinrich biomass with
recombinant bacteria to produce fuel ethanol.
•Wilkins
MR, Suryawati L, Maness NO, Chrz D (2007a) Ethanol production by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus in the presence of orange-peel oil.