Viruses of Bacteria
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Transcript Viruses of Bacteria
Non-living entities
Can infect organisms
of every domain
Commonly referred to
by organism they
infect
Viruses that infect
bacteria:
Bacteriophage
Virus architecture
› Virus particle called virion
› Consists of nucleic acid
surrounded by protein coat
Capsid
› Shapes
Isometric
Helical
Complex
› Two types of virion
Naked – without envelope
Enveloped – surrounded by
lipid membrane
Viral genome
› DNA or RNA
NEVER BOTH
› Linear or circular
› Single-stranded or
double- stranded
Replication cycle
overview
› Only multiply inside
metabolizing cell
› Contains information to
make viral proteins,
assure replication and
move in and out of host
cells
› Viruses live in two
phases
Extracellular phase
Metabolically inert
Intracellular phase
Metabolically active
Penetration
› Entrance of the virus OR its nucleic acid in the
host cell
Plant and bacteria viruses inject the nucleic acid
into the host through the cell wall
Animal viruses enter the cell whole
Phagocytosis
Membrane fusion occurs with enveloped viruses
Viruses enter with an uncoating step
Release
› Host cell bursts and releases viruses to the
outside environment
Viruses are now extracellular
› As viruses leave the host cell, the envelope is
picked up
The envelope is made of a portion of the host
cell plasma membrane which becomes the
lipid envelope of the virus
Lysogeny
› Replication of a temperate virus
This is a non-productive cycle
› Lysogeny begins like the lytic cycle
Adsorption
Penetration, then;
Incorporation into genome
› HIV is a lysogenic RNA virus in humans
› λ phage is lysogenic DNA in bacteria
Incorporation
› Prophage: Viral nucleic acid incorporates onto
the host chromosome
› The viral DNA is replicated only when the host
cell replicates
› Cell eventually “pops” off the host chromosome
and returns to the lytic cycle
Lysogenic conversion
› Prophage can confer
new properties on cell
› Phage DNA not
completely
suppressed
Genes coding for trait
are expressed
Infected cells have new
characteristics
Streptococcus
pyogenes
manufactures toxin
resulting in scarlet fever
DNA may be
transferred by a
bacteriophage to a
bacteria in a process
called transduction.
1. Generalized Transduction: In
this type any bacterial gene
can be transferred
2. Specialized Transduction: In
this type only a few specific
genes can be transferred
Number of different bacteria that phage
can infect termed host range
› Usually limited to single bacterial species for a single
phage
Factors limit host range
› Two most important
Phage must be able to attach to host receptors
Restriction-modification system the host cell must
overcome
Receptors on
bacterial surface
› Vary in chemical
structure and
location
Usually on bacterial
cell wall
› Sites can be altered
by two mechanisms
Receptor sites can be
altered by mutation
Lysogenized bacteria
can alter cell surface
Results in alteration of
receptor site
Restriction-modification system
› Restriction enzyme that codes for endonuclease
› Modification enzyme attaches methyl group to DNA
recognized by restriction enzyme