Transcript CH2_第二節_

第二章
水資源管理與污染防治
第二節 水污染防治之探討
重 要 觀 念
 Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
 Major pollution problems of surface water
 Major pollution problems of groundwater
 Reduction and prevention of water pollution
 Drinking water quality
一、水污染之意義
於地表水或地下水水質所發生之物理、
化學或生物性變化，而會對有機物之生
存產生不良影響或使水質污濁不堪使用
之謂。
二、水污染之類別
（一）定點來源（point sources）：
污物集中放流至固定地區，有跡可循，
管制、處理較易。
（二）非定點來源（nonpoint sources）：
污物分散放流至廣大地區，無跡可循，
管制、處理較難。
Types, Effects and Sources of Water
Pollution
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality
Fig. 22-3 p. 494
Refer to Tables 22-1 and
22-2 p. 492 and 493
Point(點源) and Nonpoint Sources(非點源)
NONPOINT SOURCES
Rural homes
Cropland
Urban streets
Suburban
development
POINT
SOURCES
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Animal feedlot
Factory
三、水污染的來源
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The leading sources of water pollution are
agriculture, industries, and mining.
1. Agricultural activities are the leading
cause of water pollution from erosion,
overgrazing, fertilizers and pesticides, and
excess salt from irrigated soils.
2. Industrial facilities are another large
source of water pollution, and mining is a
third source.
A. Water is polluted by infectious
bacteria(傳染細菌), inorganic and
organic chemicals, and excess heat.
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1. Water pollution is any chemical, biological,
or physical change in water quality that has a
harmful effect on living organisms.
2. Table 19-1 lists the major classes of water
pollutants and their major human sources and
harmful effects.
3. The WHO estimates that 3.4 million people
die prematurely each year from waterborne
diseases.
4. In the U.S., an estimated 1.5 million people
a year become ill from infectious agents.
四、主要的水污染物質
（一）傳染源-INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Examples: Bacteria(細菌), viruses(濾過性
病毒), protozoa(原生動物), and parasitic
worms(寄生蟲)
 Major Human Sources: Human and
animal wastes(人畜廢棄物)
 Harmful Effects: Disease(疾病)
measuring the number of colonies of fecal
coliform bacteria (大腸菌)present in a
water sample.

（二）耗氧性廢污
OXYGEN-DEMANDING WASTES
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Examples: Organic waste such as animal
manure(堆肥) and plant debris(殘枝) that can
be decomposed by aerobic (oxygen-requiring)
bacteria(由需氧菌分解)
Major Human Sources: Sewage, animal
feedlots(畜養場), paper mills, and food
processing facilities(食品加工廠)
Harmful Effects: Large populations of
bacteria decomposing these wastes can
degrade water quality by depleting water of
dissolved oxygen(溶解氧). This causes fish
and other forms of oxygen-consuming aquatic
life(水生物) to die.
（三）水溶性無機化學製品
INORGANIC CHEMICALS
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Examples: Water-soluble 1) acids, (2) compounds
of toxic metals(有毒金屬化合物) such as lead (Pb),
arsenic (As), and selenium Se), and (3) salts such
as sodium chloride (NaCl) in ocean water and
fluorides (F–) found in some soils
Major Human Sources: Surface runoff, industrial
effluents, and household cleansers(清潔劑)
Harmful Effects: Can (1) make fresh water
unusable for drinking or irrigation, (2) cause skin
cancers and crippling spinal and neck damage (F–),
(3) damage the nervous system (神經系統), liver,
and kidneys(腎) (Pb and As), (4) harm fish and
other aquatic life, (5) lowercrop yields, and (6)
accelerate corrosion of metals exposed to such
water.(加速水中金屬腐蝕)
（四）有機養料
PLANT NUTRIENTS
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Examples: Water-soluble compounds(水溶性化
合物) containing nitrate (NO3 – 硝酸鹽),
phosphate (PO43– 磷酸鹽), and ammonium
(NH4+ 氨鹽基) ions(離子)
Major Human Sources: Sewage, manure, and
runoff of agricultural and urban fertilizers
Harmful Effects: Can cause excessive growth
of algae(海藻) and other aquatic plants, which
die, decay, deplete water of dissolved oxygen,
and kill fish. Drinking water with excessive levels
of nitrates lowers the oxygen-carrying capacity
of the blood and can kill unborn children and
infants (“bluebaby syndrome”併發症).
五、水質之衡量

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以BOD測量-biological oxygen demand
(BOD), the amount of dissolved
oxygen consumed° by aquatic
decomposers.
係指在定溫20℃（68℉）之下，將定量
的水置放經五日潛伏期，觀察需氧分解
菌破壞有機物質所需耗用氧量的多寡。
Water
Quality
Do (ppm) at 20˚C
Good
8-9
Slightly
polluted
6.7-8
Moderately
polluted
Heavily
polluted
Gravely
polluted
4.5-6.7
Below 4.5
Below 4
六、河川、湖泊、水庫之污染

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水的自清作用：污物一旦進入水體當中，
會歷經四個程序，即：
稀釋 === > 生物性分解
=== >
擴散
=== >
沉澱
1. A combination of dilution(稀釋)
and biodegradation(生物性分解) can
allow recovery of stream pollution if
they are not overloaded, or have
reduced flow due to damming(築壩),
agricultural diversion, or drought(乾
旱).
水的自清作用影響要素(續)
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2. The breakdown of pollutants(污
染物的分解) by bacteria creates an
oxygen sag curve(氧氣消減曲線).
Organisms that have a high oxygen
demand can’t survive in the curve.
3. Volume of the stream, volume of
wastes entering, flow rate,
temperature, and pH levels all
affect how great a sag curve is
produced.
水體之流量、流速，將影響污物稀
釋、耗氧廢料之生物性分解情形
1.流量、流速↑  DO↑ 少量污物稀釋
力、耗氧廢料之生物性分解力↑
2.流量、流速↓  DO↓ 大量污物稀釋
力、耗氧廢料之生物性分解力↓
3.無法分解且永存之污物，將經由食物鏈
（food web）過程使濃度提高。
‧湖泊、水庫之污物稀釋力＜河川之污物
稀釋力
‧沉澱有機物、無機物沉積水體底部，
但有毒物質將隨洪水來犯時又漂浮水面。
Pollution of Streams
 Oxygen sag curve  Factors influencing recovery
Fig. 22-5 p. 496
（一）、河川與廢污之分解
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河水的自清過程所耗時間與其流量、流
速有關：
1.流量、流速↑DO↑, BOD↓自清過
程所耗時間較短
2.夏季，枯水期，流量、流速↓空氣
中O2轉化量↓DO↓大量污物稀釋力
↓
（二）、世界水質之概觀
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
美國：水質尚佳，73%河、湖可遊憩、游泳。立法嚴格
管制水污染，污水須先處理方可入河。☆
英國：1950年，泰晤士河（Thames River）污染嚴重，
經30年整治，花2.5億英磅方始復原。○
德國：1970年，萊茵河（Rhine River）污染嚴重，經
16年整治，方始復原，但1986年瑞士Sandoz化工廠大
火，排放大量有毒化學物質入河，釀成大禍，經大力
整治方始復原。（pp.518-519） ○
前蘇聯：水質不佳，工廠廢污入河，沒有適當水污染
管制。〤
印度：在3,199個都市中，只有217個有下水道處理設
施（7%），其中只有8條有現代化處理設備。〤
中國大陸：在78條受監控的河流當中，就有54條遭到
污染。其中有20%過度污染無法灌溉之用。〤
拉丁美洲與非洲：許多河流穿越都市、工業區，嚴重
污染。〤（附註：整體水質 優☆，可○，劣〤）
A. MDC的有毒化學製品、非
點源污染仍嚴重

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1. The U.S. has managed to avoid increases
in pollution from point sources in most
streams.
2. There have been several examples of
amazing cleanup of rivers, such as the
Cuyahoga River in Ohio and the Thames River
in Great Britain.
3. There are still examples of large fish kills
and contamination of drinking water from
releases of chemicals from industry and
mining, and also from non-point runoff of
fertilizers and pesticides.
B. LDC河川污染依然嚴重

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以印度恆河為例，宗教信仰、傳統文化、
貧窮、經濟發展程度較低、人口眾多，導
致恆河嚴重污染：
1. About 350 million people live in the
Ganges River basin with little treatment of
sewage produced by them.
2. Hindu(印度人) beliefs add pollution to
the air when bodies are cremated(火化)
and to the water when partially cremated
or non-cremated bodies are thrown into
the river in order to find their way to
heaven(找到去天堂的路).
印度恆河污染因素(續)

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3. The government is working to
clean up the river by building waste
treatment plants(污水處理廠) in the
29 large cities along the Ganges and
by building electric crematoriums(電動
火化場) on its banks. It has also
introduced snapping turtles(海龜) as
body scavengers(食腐動物).
4. Most of these plans are not yet in
place, and religious and cultural
conditions are difficult to change.
(三)、湖泊、水庫之污染
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A. Lakes have little flow and so are less
effective at diluting pollutants that enter
them(少有流動→釋污力↓).
1. Lakes and reservoirs are often stratified
into layers(分層現象) with little vertical mixing,
and they also have very little flow occurring.
It may take from 1–100 years to flush(湧流)
and change water in lakes and reservoirs.
2. Lakes and reservoirs are much more
vulnerable(脆弱的) to runoff contamination of
all kinds of materials.
3. Chemical concentrations build up as they
pass through the food webs in lakes.
(三)、湖泊、水庫之污染
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B. 人類活動導致湖內含養過量→DO↓→水生
物死亡
1. Natural nutrient enrichment of lakes
from runoff is called eutrophication.
The amount of natural eutrophication
depends on the composition of the
surrounding drainage basin(流域面積).
2. Natural eutrophication can enrich
the abundance of desirable organisms,
but cultural eutrophication occurs near
urban or agricultural areas and can
lead to serious pollution problems.
優養化現象(續)


3. During hot weather or drought,
“blooms” of organisms can reduce
lake productivity.
4. Reduced sunlight and the
subsequent decomposition(分解)
of the “blooms” increase
populations of bacteria and
decreases dissolved oxygen (DO)
available. Fish kills can occur, and
the problem can become so bad
that anaerobic bacteria(厭氧菌)
take over.
eutrophication
『文明優養化』或『耗竭』之現象：
含磷酸鹽或硝酸鹽之廢污入流分
解提供營養藻類大量繁殖阻礙
陽光照射水藻死亡，DO↓形成
廢污、細菌分解耗盡污水中游離
氧魚貝類等死亡厭氧細菌滋生
含毒氣體↑死湖
Discharge of untreated
municipal sewage
(nitrates and
phosphates)
Nitrogen compounds
produced by cars
and factories
Discharge of
detergents
( phosphates)
Discharge of treated
municipal sewage
(primary and secondary
treatment:
nitrates and phosphates)
Dissolving of
nitrogen oxides
(from internal combustion
engines and furnaces)
Natural runoff
(nitratesrunoff
and
Natural
phosphates
(nitrates and
phosphates Inorganic fertilizer runoff
Lake ecosystem
nutrient overload
and breakdown of
chemical cycling
(nitrates and phosphates)
Manure runoff
from feedlots
(nitrates, phosphates,
ammonia)
Runoff from streets,
lawns, and construction
lots (nitrates and
phosphates)
Runoff and erosion
(from cultivation,
mining, construction,
and poor land use)
『優養化』或『枯竭』現象投
入、產出防治法（P.490-491）
1.優養化投入防治方法：
(1)採進階式污水處理（P.504）
(2)禁止或限制家用清潔劑磷酸鹽用量。
(3)水土保持與土地使用管制以降低逕流含
養成分。
2.優養化產出清除方法：
(1)剷除沉澱物以去除帶養份組織。
(2)以除草劑或去藻劑去除過量雜草，控制
不需要的植物成長。
(3)以幫浦（pump）打入空氣到湖或水庫中，
以避免氧量耗竭。
Case Study: The Great Lakes
Fig. 22-8
p. 500
C. 案例：北美五大湖(the
Great Lakes)的污染和清除
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1. The Great Lakes contain about 95% of the
fresh surface water in the United States, and
one-fifth of the world’s fresh surface water.
2. At least 38 million people obtain drinking
water form the lakes.
3. The lakes are vulnerable to pollution
because they have less than 1% outflow to the
St. Lawrence River, and there is land runoff
and atmospheric deposition of acids, pesticides,
etc. being blown into them.
4. Lake Erie is the shallowest of the lakes
and was the most polluted, due to the highest
concentration of people and industry.
北美五大湖的污染和清除(續)
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5. Since 1972, the U.S. and Canada have
worked together to reduce pollution.
6. There are still problems to be solved such
as a large area of depleted oxygen that occurs
in the center of the lake each August for
unknown reasons.
7. A 2000 survey by the EPA stated that more
than three-fourths of the shoreline(湖岸線) of
the Great Lakes is not clean enough for
swimming or use as drinking water.
8. Non-point land runoff is a greater problem
than industrial pollution now for the Great
Lakes.
北美五大湖的污染和清除(續)



9. Bio magnification of the depositions
from atmospheric contaminants means that
one fish in four is unsafe for human
consumption.
10. EPA funding for cleanup has also
dropped by 80% since 1992.
11. Environmentalists call for banning the
use of bleach(禁用漂白劑), building new
incinerators(焚化爐), and stopping the
discharge(放流水) into the lakes of 70 toxic
chemicals.
七、地面水污染之防治

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
地面水污染較易查覺，監控亦較地下水相對
容易。其防治之方法：定點與不定點污源防
治法
A. 減少地面水不定點污源的方法；
1. Agricultural non-point pollution can be
reduced by reducing soil erosion,
reforestation of watersheds, keeping cover
crops(覆蓋作物) on farmland, reducing
fertilizer use or using slow-release fertilizer,
and planting buffer zones(緩衝帶) between
farmland and surface water nearby.
2. Rely more on biological control methods
(生物控制法)rather than pesticides.
A.不定點污源之防治


3. In 2002, a federal court forced the
EPA to uphold the intent of the Clean
Water Act and require 15,500 of the
largest feedlots(飼養場) to apply for
EPA permits. This means that these
“factories” will have to obey the same
pollution controls that are used by other
industries since 1972.
4. Research on how to use animal
wastes more effectively is underway.
B. LDC多未定污水標準
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
1. The Clean Water Act sets standards
for allowed levels of key water pollutants
and requires polluters to obtain permits
that specify the amounts of pollutants
they can discharge into aquatic
systems.(規定排放流標準)
2. The EPA is experimenting with a
discharge trading policy that would allow
a permit holder to purchase unused
credits from another permit holder.(污染
許可證可予購買)
B. LDC多未定污水標準(續)


3. There are good and bad points to
credit trading, such as a possible
buildup of pollutants in areas where
credits are bought.(徒使污源成長)
4. Most cities in developing countries
discharge 80–90% of untreated
sewage into rivers, lakes, and streams
used for drinking water, bathing, and
washing clothes.(放流未經處理)
C. 定點污源之防治
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1. About one-fourth of homes in the
U.S. are served by septic tanks(化糞池).
2. Most urban areas are served by
sewage treatment plants(污水處理廠).
3. Some 1,200 cities have combined
storm runoff and sewer lines because it
is cheaper(雨水、污水下水道未分立).
These systems can overflow and
discharge untreated sewage directly into
surface water with too many users or
when there is a heavy storm.
C. 定點污源之防治(續)
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4. Aging sewer systems(老化污水系統) and
combined sewer systems in the U.S. are
estimated to cost $10 billion a year for 10
years to install dual systems, add capacity,
and repair the aging sewer network.
5.Raw sewage generally undergoes one or
two levels of treatment.
6. Primary sewage treatment is a physical
process that removes grit(砂礫), floating
objects(漂浮物), and suspended solids(懸浮
微粒). A settling tank(沈澱池) allows
suspended solids to settle out as sludge(污
泥).
Secondary
Primary
Grit
Bar screen chamber
Settling tank
Chlorine
Aeration tank Settling tank disinfection tank
To river, lake,
or ocean
Raw sewage
from sewers
Sludge
(kills bacteria)
Activated sludge
Air pump
Sludge digester
Sludge drying bed
Figure 19-17
Page 504
Disposed of in landfill or
ocean or applied to cropland,
pasture, or rangeland
C. 定點污源之防治(續)
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7. Primary treatment removes about 60% of
suspended solids and 30–40% of organic
wastes, but no phosphates, nitrates, salts,
radioisotopes, or pesticides.
8. Secondary sewage treatment is a biological
process where aerobic bacteria remove up to
90% of dissolved and biodegradable, oxygendemanding organic wastes.
9. A combination of primary and secondary
treatment removes 95–97% of the suspended
solids and oxygen-demanding organic wastes,
70% of most toxic metal compounds, 70% of
phosphorus, 50% of nitrogen, and 5% of
dissolved salts.
C. 定點污源之防治(續)
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
10. Most U.S. cities have combined primary
and secondary sewage treatment plants. A
number of cities have been in violation at
times, and 34 East Coast cities screen out(擋
住) large floating objects and discharge
sewage into coastal waters.
11. Tertiary sewage treatments(三級污水處理)
are a third level of cleanup. Here, a
combination of chemical and physical
processes remove specific pollutants left by
the other methods. This is expensive and used
to treat only 5% of the wastewater in the U.S.
C. 定點污源之防治(續)
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
12. Water is bleached(漂白) to remove
colors and then disinfected(消毒殺菌)
to kill disease-causing bacteria and
some viruses(濾過性病毒).
Chlorination(加氨消毒) is the usual
method of disinfection(消毒法).
13. Ozonation(臭氧) and use of
ultraviolet light(紫外線) are increasing
as methods of disinfection.
Technological Approach: Advanced
(Tertiary) Sewage Treatment (三級污水處理)
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used
D. 污水處理之污泥需妥予處理
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1. Sludge is a thick, gooey mixture(膠黏
混合物) of bacteria, solids, chemicals,
and metals when industrial and
household wastes are combined.
2. Some sludge undergoes anaerobic(厭
氧的) digestion(消化) to decompose(分解)
the organic materials and produce
compost(堆肥).
3. About 36% of these biosolids are used
to fertilize farmland, forests, golf courses,
cemeteries, etc. The rest is added to
landfills(垃圾掩埋場) or incinerated(焚化).
D. 污水處理之污泥需妥予處理
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4. Composting sludge to recycle(再利
用) the plant nutrients makes good
ecological sense, but removing
infectious bacteria, toxic chemicals,
and metals is expensive and seldom
done in the U.S.
5. It is thought that a number of
health problems may be due to using
sludge to fertilize crops in the U.S.(少
用污泥施肥—健康因素)
Odors
Odors may cause illness or indicate
presence of harmful gases
Dust Particles
Particles of dried sludge carry
viruses and harmful bacteria that
can be inhaled, infect cuts or
enter homes.
BUFFER
ZONE
Sludge
Groundwater
Contamination
Harmful chemicals
and pathogens
may leach into
groundwater and
shallow wells.
Surface Runoff
Harmful chemicals
and pathogens
may pollute
nearby streams,
lakes, ponds, and
wetlands.
Exposure
Children may
walk or play in
fertilized fields.
Livestock Poisoning
Cows may die after
grazing on sludgetreated fields.
E. 防止有毒化學物質進入污
水處理廠
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1. Require industries and businesses to
remove toxic and hazardous wastes from
water sent to sewage treatment plants;
encourage reduction or elimination of
toxic chemical use and waste.
2. Have households switch to waterless
composting toilet systems maintained by
professionals. These systems would be
cheaper to install and maintain since they
do not need underground pipes.
F. 運用自然和人工濕地處理污水
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
1. These systems are a low-tech, lowcost alternative to expensive waste
treatment plants.
2. Sewage goes to sedimentation
tanks(沈澱池) where solids settle as
sludge that is removed. The liquid(液體)
is pumped to oxidation ponds(氧化池);
bacteria break down remaining wastes.
After a month, water is released to an
artificial marsh(沼澤) where plants and
bacteria filter(濾除) and cleanse it.
F. 運用自然和人工濕地處理污水



3. Mark Nelson developed a small, low-tech,
inexpensive artificial wetland system for use in
developing countries at hotels, restaurants,
and homes. It removes 99.9% of fecal coliform
bacteria(大腸菌) and over 80% of the nitrates
and phosphates from sewage. The water thus
cleaned could be used for garden irrigation or
flushing toilets and save water.
4. Genetic engineering(遺傳工程) is
developing a bioreactor where modified
bacteria will consume pesticides.
5. Without large investments in building
adequate sanitation facilities, more people will
have inadequate sanitation.(亟需供應公衛設施)
(1) Raw sewage drains by
gravity into the first pool
and flows through a long
perforated PVC pipe into
a bed of limestone gravel.
(3) Wastewater flows through
another perforated pipe
into a second pool, where
the same process is repeated.
Sewage
Treated
water
Wetland type
plants
Wetland type
plants
45 centimeter
layer of limestone
First concrete pool gravel coated with Second concrete pool
decomposing bacteria
(2) Microbes in the limestone gravel
break down the sewage into
chemicals that can be absorbed
by the plant roots, and the gravel
absorbs phosphorus.
Figure 19-19
(4) Treated water flowing from the
second pool is nearly free of
bacteria and plant nutrients.
Treated water can be recycled
for irrigation and flushing toilets.
八、地下水之污染與防治
（一）地下水之自清作用力較地面水低（∵地
下水之流速慢，污染物質不易稀釋、擴散，
分解性細菌含量少）
˙地下水污染之主要來源：（P.494）
1.地下儲存槽滲漏含毒之有機化學物質
2.地下深井堆放含毒物質
˙地下水污染防治之困難：
1.管制不嚴，不易察覺
2.設置偵測井昂貴又不一定有效。
Polluted air
Hazardous waste
injection well
Coal strip
mine runoff
Pesticides
and
fertilizers
De-icing
road salt
Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Pumping
well
Cesspool
septic tank
Gasoline station
Water
pumping well
Waste
lagoon
Sewer
Landfill
Leakage
from faulty
casing
Accidenta
l spills
Discharge
Confined
aquifer
Groundwater
flow
A. 地下水易受污染之特性



1. Spilling gasoline, oil, paint thinners(油
漆稀釋劑), and other organics onto the
ground can contaminate groundwater.
2. Experts rate groundwater pollution as
a low-risk ecological problem; it is rated
as a high-risk health problem.
3. Contaminated water in the aquifer(含
水層) will slowly flow along and create a
plume of contaminated water.
A. 地下水易受污染之特性(續)



4. Contaminants in groundwater are not
diluted(稀釋) or dispersed(驅散) because
this water moves usually less than 0.3
meter, or 1 foot per day.
5. Factors such as lower oxygen content(低
的含氧量), colder temperature of the water,
and smaller populations of decomposing
bacteria mean that cleansing is extremely
slow.
6. It can take hundreds of years to cleanse
degradable wastes; nondegradable wastes
are there permanently.
B. 地下水(含水層)監測欠缺




1. EPA and U.S. Geological Survey figures
state that one or more organic chemicals
contaminate about 45% of municipal
groundwater supplies in the U.S.
2. Some 26,000 industrial waste ponds and
lagoons(鹹水湖) in the U.S. do not have a
liner to prevent toxic waste seepage(滲流).
3. A great many of the underground storage
tanks(地下儲存槽) containing organic
solvents(有機溶劑) have been found to have
leaks(裂縫).
4. Determining the extent of a leak is costly,
and the cost of cleanup is more costly yet.
B. 地下水(含水層)監測欠缺(續)


5. In China and India, millions of people drink
water contaminated with high levels of
fluoride(氟化物) that cause back and neck
damage and dental(牙齒的) problems.
6. Nitrates(硝酸鹽) can also contaminate
groundwater, especially in agricultural areas.
Nitrates converting to nitrites(亞硝酸鹽) in the
body can cause various forms of cancer and in
babies under 6 months old causes “blue baby
syndrome” because the blood can’t carry
sufficient oxygen to the cells.(血液帶氧量不足)
B. 地下水(含水層)監測欠缺(續)



7. Arsenic(砷) is released into drinking water
when a well is drilled(鑽孔) into arsenic-rich
soils and rock. WHO estimates that more than
112 million people drink water containing 5–100
times the recommended level of 10 parts/billion.
8. Bangladesh has a serious problem with
arsenic, but the UN and several NGOs have
started a program to assess wells and mark
those that are too contaminated with red paint.
9. The 1-ppb(十億分之一) level is considered
to still be too high a level for safe drinking
water.
Solutions
Groundwater Pollution
Prevention
Find substitutes for toxic
chemicals
Keep toxic chemicals out of the
environment
Install monitoring wells near
landfills and underground tanks
Require leak detectors on
underground tanks
Ban hazardous waste disposal
in landfills and injection wells
Store harmful liquids in
aboveground tanks with leak
detection and collection systems
Cleanup
Pump to surface, clean,
and return to aquifer
(very expensive)
Inject microorganisms to clean
up contamination (less
expensive but still costly)
Pump nanoparticles of
inorganic compounds to
remove pollutants (may be the
cheapest, easiest, and most
effective method but is still
being developed)
（二）地下水源保護之策略(預
防措施)
‧尋找有毒化學製品的代用品
‧促使有毒化學製品避開環境
‧於垃圾掩埋場和地下油箱附近裝置監控井
‧需要安裝地下油箱的探漏器
‧禁止在垃圾掩埋場和投注井加以處置危險
廢棄物
‧將有害液體儲存在地面油箱內，並裝置滲
漏偵察和收集系統
（二）地下水源保護之策略(清
理措施)
‧將水抽到地表，加以清潔，並且回注含
水層(非常昂貴)
‧注入微生物以清理污染(較不昂貴但是仍
然代價高昂)
‧抽取無機化合物微粒並且除去污染物(可
能是最便宜、最容易，和最有效的方法
但是尚待發展)
九、飲用水水質
(Drinking Water Quality)
 Purification of urban drinking water
 Protection from terrorism
 Purification of rural drinking water
 Safe Drinking Water Act
 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
 Bottled water
九、飲用水水源水質




飲用水的水源，主要還是地面水與地下水，且其水
質要求比灌溉用水來得嚴格。飲用水淨化措施如下:
1. Exposure of contaminated water to intense
sunlight in a clear plastic bottle(透明塑膠管) is
one method. It takes as little as 3 hours to kill
bacteria in the sun and heat.
2. Cholera incidences(霍亂影響範圍) have been
cut in half in Bangladesh by filtering water(濾水)
through strips of cloth(棉織物).
3. A third method is to add a small amount of
chlorine(氨) to a plastic or clay storage vessel(管)
with a small mouth, cap, and a spigot(栓). This
has cut the rate of diarrheal disease(腹瀉疾病) in
half in countries where it is used.
A. 飲用水質課題





約有54國訂有水質標準，但有如下課題：
1. Levels have been established called
maximum contaminant levels for any
pollutants that may adversely affect human
health.
2. Privately owned wells don’t have to
meet these standards.(私井不受規範)
3. Health scientists want the standards to
be strengthened.
4. Certain industries want to weaken the
Safe Drinking Water Act.
B. 瓶裝水課題





1. Bottled water is vastly more expensive than tap
water(自來水) and about one-fourth of it is tap
water, one-third of it is contaminated with bacteria,
and various harmful organic chemicals contaminate
about one-fifth of it.
2. Use of bottled water also can cause
environmental problems from all of the throw-away
plastic bottles.
3. Manufacture of the bottles releases toxic gases
and liquids.
4. Before buying costly home purification systems,
have water tested by an independent company.
5. Be sure to check out claims by a company that
they are EPA approved because the EPA registers
devices, but neither tests nor approves them.
C. 全民參與防治飲用水污染




We need to shift priorities from controlling
to preventing and reducing water pollution,
and this will require bottom-up political
action by individuals and groups.
1. Bottom-up political pressure on elected
officials has reduced point-source water
pollution.
2. A shift needs to be made to how we can
prevent water pollution in the first place.
See Figure 22-19.
3. Prevention of water pollution will take
action from individuals and groups to
pressure elected officials.
Solutions
Water Pollution
•Prevent groundwater contamination
•Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff
•Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation
•Find substitutes for toxic pollutants
•Work with nature to treat sewage
•Practice four R's of resource use (refuse,
reduce, recycle, reuse)
•Reduce resource waste
•Reduce air pollution
•Reduce poverty
•Reduce birth rates
What Can You Do?
Water Pollution
•Fertilize your garden and yard plants with manure
or compost instead of commercial inorganic
fertilizer.
•Minimize your use of pesticides.
•Never apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of
water.
•Grow or buy organic foods.
•Compost your food wastes.
•Do not use water fresheners in toilets.
•Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet.
•Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil,
antifreeze, or other products containing harmful
chemicals down the drain or onto the ground.
Thank you!
主要參考書目 ： Miller G. Tyler JR. Living in the EnvironmentPrinciples Connections and Solutions 13th ed. California:
Brooks/Cole 2004