Transcript Introduction

‫علم االحياء الدقيقة‬
Microbiology
Introduction
Definition of Microbiology
Microbiology:
• mikros (small)
• bios (life)
• logos (science
Characteristics of Microorgansims
1- size.
2- Unicellular or Multicellular (no differences in the structure)
3- Existence: everywhere (air, water, soil, corpse,
plant surface, etc)
Taxonomy of microorganisms
Eukaryotae:
fungi,, microscopic plants (algae) and Protozoa.
Prokaryotae:
1-Bacteria 2- Cyanobacteria
Archaea.
Viruses are acellular structure. though not strictly classified
as living organisms, are also studied
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Endoplasmic reticulum
vacuole
nucleus
ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
chloroplast
Eukaryotic cell
mitochondrion
Groups of microorganisms 1
1- Viruses
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Pass through filters
Obligate parasites and can infect human, animals, plants and bacteria
Electronic microscope
Intracellular
2- Bacteria
• Unicellular
• Light microscope
Groups of microorganisms 2
3- Fungi
• Multicellular (Mushroom) or unicellular (Yeast)
• No chlorophyll
4- Algea
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Simple plants
Exist as Unicell and clusters
No differences in the structure and function
chlorophyll – Photosynthesis
Soil, water
4- Protozoa
• Single animal cell
• Human and animal diseases
Benefits of microbiology
1- Antibiotics
2- Vaccine
3- Biological weapons
4- Pathology
5- Cosmetic and food
6- knowing these microorganism can
protect us form disease
7- Rid of Waste and pollution
8- Help scientific of genetic engineers to
understand DNA and RNA
History of Microbiology
Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)
• Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and
clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of
systematic experimentation and quantification into the study
of physiology, his discovery of the contagious nature of
infectious diseases such as measles and smallpox.
• The introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of
contagious diseases,
• Abu Bakr El-Razi.
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* He was the first scientist difference between the "smallpox"
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and "measles", and presented a detailed description of the
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two diseases, and symptoms of each.
• Abu El-kasim El-Zhrawy.
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* He is Arabian Scientist, excelled in the field of medicine.
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* He wrote a medical encyclopedia and wrote books on open
abscess, symptoms and treatment, which are the microbial
diseases.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• Leeuwenhoek (1632 –1723) was a Dutch
tradesman and scientist.
• He is commonly known as "the Father of
Microbiology", and considered to be the
first microbiologist.
• He is best known for his work on the
improvement of the microscope and for his
contributions towards the establishment of
microbiology.
• Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was
the first to observe and describe singlecelled organisms.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• In 1676, first to observe
living microbes.
• His single-lens magnified
up to 300X
‫• صورة للميكروسكوب الذى أخترعه‬
‫ الذى يكبر حتى‬1676 ‫ليفنهوك عام‬
.‫ مره‬300
Robert Koch
• Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) was a
German physician.
• He became famous for isolating
Bacillus anthracis (1877), the
Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and
Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his
development of Koch's postulates.
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine for his
tuberculosis findings in 1905.
Koch's postulates
Louis Pasteur
• Louis Pasteur ( 1822 –1895) was a
French chemist and microbiologist born
in Dole.
• He created the first vaccine for rabies
and anthrax.
• He was best known to the general
public for inventing a method to stop
milk and wine from causing sickness, a
process that came to be called
pasteurization
Martinus Beijerinck
• Beijerinck (1851 –1931) was a Dutch microbiologist and
botanist.
• He is considered one of the founders of virology.
• In 1898, he published results on the filtration experiments
demonstrating that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an
infectious agent smaller than a bacterium.
Sergei Winogradsky
• Winogradsky (1856- 1953) was a Ukrainian-Russian
microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist.
• He identified the obligate anaerobe Clostridium
pasteurianum, which is capable of fixing atmospheric
nitrogen.