Transcript Rice Cultivation with Photosynthetic Bacteria

Photosynthetic Bacteria for
Sustainable Rice Production
Presented By: Samir Ebson Topno
ENS 275
UPLB, Philippines
•1960-1970 green revolution resulted dramatic yield
increase
•Asian countries showing signs of fatigue in productivity
gains(Kesawan & Swaminathan, 2008)
•Intensive agriculture led to loss of soil health, depletion of
freshwater resources and agro-biodiversity.
•Rice staple food for 3.31 billion people out of world
population 6.22 billion (FAO, 2002)
•Rice – staple food low-income and developing countries.
Problem with Chemical fertilizers
•fertilizer costs 30-40% in the rice production
•Cost of urea 38.29 % increased since
2006(www.nscb.gov.ph, 2008)
•High Energy consuming-78,230 kJ/kg of
nitrogen from production to apply (Helsel,
1992)
•High content of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid
in chemical fertilizers
•Destroyed nitrogen fixing organism in the soil
•50 % of applied nitrogen lost to the
environment (MA, UNEP, 2005)
•Unabsorbed chemical fertilizers travel to
water resources and cause eutrophication
•Artificial nitrogenous fertilizers largest
contributors of CH₄ and N₂O
•Threatened human health (Verhoog and
others, 2003)
•Excessive nitrogen application led to pest
problem (Jahn, 2004)
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
•Wide diversity of N₂ fixing organisms
(diazotrophs)
•Free living – Rhodospirillum,
Bradyrhizobium and cyanobacteria etc
•Inhabit flood water, surface soil etc
Evidence of Nitrogen fixation by
photosynthetic bacteria
•Experiment done in rice field of valencia, Spain
•In situ nitrogen fixing rates estimated by acetylene
reduction method
•Resulted ratio of 3.9 mol of acetylene reduction per
mol of N₂
•N₂ fixation rate calibrated 40.5 kg of N/ha/crop on
the rice soil system
•3.93 Kg N/ha/crop was fixed in the rice plant
Evidence of Nitrogen Fixations by Bacteria
•Rhodospseudomonas palustris increased rice
yield (Harada and others, 2005)
•Use of EM is more economical and
environmental friendly
•Successful transition from conventional
farming without initial decrease (Minami and
Higa, 1994)
•Without cultured cyanobacteria can fix 10-40
kg N/ha/year (ACIAR, 2008)
Cost of Production Inputs and Yields
Kyusei Nature Farming with EM (Farmer’s Groups)
Production
Factors
Conventional
A
Farming Methods
B
C
D
Chemical
fertilizers
Pesticides
EM
Organic Matter
Total cost (Yen)
Relative cost (%)
Applied (years)
Yield (kg/10 a)
Relative yield
Materials applied
21, 094
0
0
0
0
13,671
0
0
34,765
100
0
13,750
2,450
16,200
46.6
3
525
117
Rice bran 60
Kg
0
12,250
7,515
19,765
56.9
4
480
107
EMCompost
150 kg
0
20,000
0
18,778
1,682
20,460
58.9
3
460
103
EM Compost
13 kg
448
100
20,000
57.5
3
480
107
Estimated costs of materials for conventional farming were made by the Agricultural
Cooperative Association of Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture.
(Source: Minami and Higa; 1990)
PSB production in India
(http://www.leofoods.net/en/page2.html
Domestic production of Photosynthetic
bacteria(Farmers in Japan and Self experience)
•It can be multiplied in home
•One of the cheapest method
•0.5 kg crude sugar
•0.5 kg of fish head
•0.3 L of PSB culture (or collect from pond sides,
red colored soil)
•15 L of water
•Keep it in transparent plastic/glass jar for one
month until color turns red
Application
•Apply @ 50 liters/1000 sq. m in the
paddy field
•Live stock @ 0.02 liter/liter of water
Survey in Japan
•Japanese farmer used in the paddy field
•Result encouraging
•“Hinohikari” usually produced 120-140
grains/spikelet
•With PSB 180-200 grains/spikelet
•Grass hopper attacked other field, his rice
field was not affected.
•Poultry manure doesn’t produce bad odor
•Egg size increased
•Chickens are active and healthy
Conclusion
•Green revolution commodity centered
•Environment deteriorated by chemical
fertilizers
•Solar energy is cheap,
•CO₂ reduced, bacteria increases
photosynthetic rate of plants
•Photosynthetic bacteria can be alternative
for chemical fertilizers for sustainable rice
production and also to combat global
warming