Transcript Microbiology

Microbiology
Part 1 -- Microbiology & Immunology •
Pare 2 -- Pharmaceutical Microbiology •
Text Book
Pharmaceutical Microbiology •
By •
Hugo W.B.& Russell A.D. •
6th edition (1998) •
Blackwell Science •
Part 2
pharmaceutical Microbiology
## introduction to pharmaceutical Microbiology •
## biology of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, •
parasites), with their Pathogenicity
## recombinant DNA technology •
•
## antibiotics & synthetic antimicrobial agents
with the mechanism of their action & the clinical
uses of antimicrobial agents.
## dynamics of disinfection, antiseptics, & •
evaluation of preservatives
## microbial spoilage •
## preservation of pharmaceutical products •
## sterility control of pharmaceutical products •
First exam. = 20 marks •
Second exam. = 20 marks •
Quiz & reports = 20 marks •
Final exam. = 40 marks •
Total = 100 marks •
Introduction
Pharmaceutical Microbiology •
## is one of the many facts of applied •
Microbiology === aspects of Microbiology in
Pharmacy industry
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Is a part of Microbiology which has a special •
bearing on Pharmacy in all its aspects.
It ranges from the manufacture & quality •
control of Pharmaceutical products in general
to an understanding of the mode of action of
antibiotics
Drug safety •
Modern Pharmaceutical Microbiology •
developed after World War II , with the
introduction of the production of antibiotics
All antibiotics were originally the products of •
microbial metabolism &/or microbial
fermentation
Streptomyces hygroscopius •
** has different strains that make 200 •
different antibiotics
Antibiotics are made industrially by inoculating a •
solution of growth medium with bacteria or mold----after the antibiotic reaches a satisfactory
concentration –it is extracted & precipitated with
standard industrial procedures
Vaccines are a products of industrial •
Microbiology
Steroids are a very important chemicals that •
include cortisone = which used as an antiinflammatory drug
Estrogens & progesterone = used in oral •
contraceptives
Microorganisms can synthesize steroids from sterols •
or from related compounds
Most of amino acids used in medicine & foods •
are produced by bacteria = lysine
Corynebacterium glutamicum produce == •
Lysine & glutamic acid
Aspergillus niger === citric acid •
Enzymes & Vitamins used in medicines & food •
are produced by bacteria
Scope of Microbiology
The role of Microorganisms in the production
of antibiotics & other pharmaceutical products
Antibiotics = are substances produced by •
microorganisms (bacteria & fungi) and are
capable of inhibiting the growth of other
microorganisms
Bacteriostatics = inhibit the growth of bacteria •
Bactericidal = kill the bacteria •
Scope of Microbiology
Alexander Flaming (1928)
Penicillin ===== Penicillium notatum
List of some bacteria which produce
antibiotics
Name of bacteria
Streptomyces aureofaciens
Streptomyces venezuelae
Streptomyces rimosus
Streptomyces erythraeus
Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomyces kanamyceteus
Streptomyces griseus
Bacillus subtillis
Name of antibiotic
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Oxytetracycline
Erythromycin
Neomycin
kanamycin
Streptomycin
bacitracin
List of some fungi which produce
antibiotics
Name of fungi
Name of antibiotic
Penicillium notatum
Penicillin
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillin
Claviceps purpurea
Ergot
Penicillium griseofulvum
Griseofulvin
Scope of Microbiology
In alcohol industry = yeast is used in the •
fermentation of carbohydrate to produce alcohol
C6H12O6
glucose
yeast
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy •
ethyl alcohol •
Clostridium acetobutylicum== manufacture of •
butyl alcohol
•
Scope of Microbiology
In vinegar industry= the production of vinegar •
(acetic acid) takes place with the help of
bacterial actions in two steps
First step •
C6H12O6
glucose
yeast
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy •
ethyl alcohol •
Second step – aerobic bacteria oxidize the •
alcohol into acetic acid
Acetobactor aceti & Mycoderm aceti •
C2H5OH + O2
Ethyl alcohol
Acetobacter
CH3COOH + H2O •
acetic acid •
Scope of Microbiology
Vitamin production •
Vitamins obtained from bacteria: •
Riboflavins - B2 = Clostridium butylicum •
Cobalamins - B12= Pseudomonas denitrificans •
Vitamins A,C,D,& E are mostly found in algae •
Fungi (yeast) have high content of •
vit.B1,B12,& C
Scope of Microbiology
Production of Acids & Enzymes
Name of acid or enzyme
Name of microorganism
Citric acid
Mucor
Amylase
Aspergillus oryzae
Protease
Bacillus subtilis
Invertase
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Streptokinase
Streptococcus pyrogens
Scope of Microbiology
Used in cosmetics & perfumes •
Some species of lichens (= combination of •
green algae & fungus – rocks & trees) are used
to make perfumery goods & soaps
Carrageenin is extracted from sea weeds and •
used in the manufacture of ice cream, paints,
& shampoo
Scope of Microbiology
Used in Baking industry •
Yeast is used in the manufacture of bread •
Starch yeast sugars zymase alcohol + CO2 •
•
bread becomes spongy •
& light weight •
Scope of Microbiology
Used in the production of dairy products •
All milk products are manufactured from •
bacterial activity
Name of product Name of bacteria
Cheese
Lactobacillus lactis
Yoghurt
Lactobacillus vulgaricus
Curd
Streptococcus lactis
Butter
Streptococcus lactis
Butter milk
Streptococcus lactis &
streptococcus cremoris
Scope of Microbiology
Used in agriculture or soil fertility •
Nitrogen is an essential for the synthesis of •
protein, nucleic acids & other nitrogen
containing compounds
Plants take nitrogen in the form of nitrates •
Nitrogen fixation is done by many organisms •
Scope of Microbiology
Used as food •
Many algae produce agar-agar (=a jelly-like •
substance) used in the manufacture of ice cream
Some seaweeds contains a lot of iodine which is •
an important mineral in the thyroid gland
Food for cattle & domestic animals •